{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:31:01Z","timestamp":1760236261988,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,5]],"date-time":"2021-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636070400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST103-2314-B-182A-108, MOST104-2314-B-182A-117-MY3, MOST-109-2314-B182A-090, MOST 109-2320-B-214-001, MOST 110-2314-B-182A-158"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST103-2314-B-182A-108, MOST104-2314-B-182A-117-MY3, MOST-109-2314-B182A-090, MOST 109-2320-B-214-001, MOST 110-2314-B-182A-158"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan","award":["CMRPG8G0091, CMRPG8G0092, CMRPG8K0311, CMRPG8L0171"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMRPG8G0091, CMRPG8G0092, CMRPG8K0311, CMRPG8L0171"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mifepristone (RU-486), a synthetic steroid with potent antiprogestogen and anti-glucocorticoid properties, has been widely used in clinical practice. Its effect on the endometrium, ovary, and fallopian tube has been well reported in many human and animal studies. However, its direct impact on post-implantation embryos remains underexplored. Additionally, some women choose to keep their pregnancy after mifepristone treatment fails. Thus, the potential risk remains controversial. Hence, this study investigated the direct effects of mifepristone on the development of mice blastocysts in vitro in terms of implantation and post-implantation. We detected the level of progesterone (P4) associated with ovulation in vivo. The presence of progesterone receptors (PRs) in blastocysts and post-implantation embryos was also evaluated. Cultured embryos were treated directly with mifepristone. We further examined embryonic implantation and post-implantation of blastocysts in vitro to evaluate the direct effects of mifepristone on embryos by the assessment of embryonic outgrowth and differential cell staining. In the oviduct lumen, the P4 level dramatically increased at 48 h and slightly decreased at 72 and 96 h following ovulation. PR was expressed in blastocysts not only in the preimplantation stage but also in the early post-implantation period. In the evaluation of developmental stages, mifepristone significantly reduced the successful ratio of developing into the late egg cylinder and the early somite stage. In addition, it further decreased the cell number of the embryos\u2019 inner cell mass and trophectoderm. We herein provide evidence that mifepristone affects blastocyst viability directly and inhibits post-implantation embryo development in vitro. Furthermore, our data reveal a potential risk of fetus fatality and developmental problems when pregnancies are continued after mifepristone treatment fails.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics9110294","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,7]],"date-time":"2021-11-07T20:42:54Z","timestamp":1636317774000},"page":"294","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Mifepristone Directly Disrupts Mouse Embryonic Development in Terms of Cellular Proliferation and Maturation In Vitro"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Yu-Ting","family":"Su","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5256-2123","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jia-Shing","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine for International Students, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi-Ru","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"An-Ten Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinic, Kaohsiung 802, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3702-0091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kuo-Chung","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"},{"name":"Center for Menopause and Reproductive Medicine Research, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7084-9208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheng-Chun","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fu-Jen","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"},{"name":"An-An Women and Children Clinic & ART Center, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199210083271501","article-title":"Mifepristone (RU 486) Compared with High-Dose Estrogen and Progestogen for Emergency Postcoital Contraception","volume":"327","author":"Glasier","year":"1992","journal-title":"N. 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