{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T03:24:59Z","timestamp":1789097099696,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]],"date-time":"2021-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639008000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32 ES18827"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32 ES18827"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CHE-1828782"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CHE-1828782"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007602","name":"University of California, Riverside","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Faculty Development Award"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Faculty Development Award"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007602","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>It has been demonstrated that propylene glycol (PG), vegetable glycerin (VG), and flavoring chemicals can thermally degrade to form carbonyls during vaping, but less is known about carbonyl emissions produced by transformation of flavoring chemicals and the interactive effects among e-liquid constituents. This study characterized carbonyl composition and levels in vaping emissions of PG-VG (e-liquid base solvents) and four e-liquid formulations flavored with trans-2-hexenol, benzyl alcohol, l-(-)-menthol, or linalool. Utilizing gas chromatography (GC)- and liquid chromatography (LC)-mass spectrometry (MS) methods, 14 carbonyls were identified and quantified. PG-VG emitted highest levels of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein. However, flavored e-liquids contributed to the production of a wider variety of carbonyls, with some carbonyls directly corresponding to the oxidation of alcohol moieties in flavoring compounds (e.g., trans-2-hexenol and benzyl alcohol transformed into trans-2-hexenal and benzaldehyde, respectively). Detections of formaldehyde-GSH and trans-2-hexenal-GSH adducts signify interactions of carbonyls with biological nucleophiles. The global reactivity descriptors (I, A, \u03bc, \u03b7, and \u03c9) and condensed Fukui parameters (fk0, fk\u2212, fk+, and dual-descriptor) were computed to elucidate site reactivities of selected simple and \u03b1,\u03b2-unsaturated carbonyls found in vaping emissions. Overall, this study highlights carbonyl emissions and reactivities and their potential health risk effects associated with vaping.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics9120345","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,10]],"date-time":"2021-12-10T02:07:18Z","timestamp":1639102038000},"page":"345","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Carbonyl Composition and Electrophilicity in Vaping Emissions of Flavored and Unflavored E-Liquids"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6034-9971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin Y.","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8285-4795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexa","family":"Canchola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8904-1287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ying-Hsuan","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2010.12.006","article-title":"Electronic cigarettes as a smoking-cessation tool: Results from an online survey","volume":"40","author":"Siegel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. 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