{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T08:10:35Z","timestamp":1790323835819,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,21]],"date-time":"2017-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1513814400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) is a foodborne disease caused by the consumption of seafood (fish and marine invertebrates) contaminated with ciguatoxins (CTXs) produced by dinoflagellates in the genus Gambierdiscus. The report of a CFP-like mass-poisoning outbreak following the consumption of Tectus niloticus (Tegulidae, Gastropod) from Anaho Bay on Nuku Hiva Island (Marquesas archipelago, French Polynesia) prompted field investigations to assess the presence of CTXs in T. niloticus. Samples were collected from Anaho Bay, 1, 6 and 28 months after this poisoning outbreak, as well as in Taiohae and Taipivai bays. Toxicity analysis using the neuroblastoma cell-based assay (CBA-N2a) detected the presence of CTXs only in Anaho Bay T. niloticus samples. This is consistent with qPCR results on window screen samples indicating the presence of Gambierdiscus communities dominated by the species G. polynesiensis in Anaho Bay. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS\/MS) analyses revealed that P-CTX-3B was the major congener, followed by P-CTX-3C, P-CTX-4A and P-CTX-4B in toxic samples. Between July 2014 and November 2016, toxin content in T. niloticus progressively decreased, but was consistently above the safety limit recommended for human consumption. This study confirms for the first time T. niloticus as a novel vector of CFP in French Polynesia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins10010002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,21]],"date-time":"2017-12-21T12:16:14Z","timestamp":1513858574000},"page":"2","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Tectus niloticus (Tegulidae, Gastropod) as a Novel Vector of Ciguatera Poisoning: Detection of Pacific Ciguatoxins in Toxic Samples from Nuku Hiva Island (French Polynesia)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1184-7034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H\u00e9l\u00e8ne","family":"Darius","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Louis Malard\u00e9 (ILM), Laboratory of Toxic Microalgae\u2014UMR 241-EIO, P.O. Box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7503-4633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e9lanie","family":"Rou\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recherche pour le D\u00e9veloppement (IRD)\u2014UMR 241-EIO, P.O. Box 529, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5105-6467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manoella","family":"Sibat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IFREMER, Phycotoxins Laboratory, F-44311 Nantes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00e9r\u00f4me","family":"Viallon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Louis Malard\u00e9 (ILM), Laboratory of Toxic Microalgae\u2014UMR 241-EIO, P.O. Box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cl\u00e9mence","family":"Gatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Louis Malard\u00e9 (ILM), Laboratory of Toxic Microalgae\u2014UMR 241-EIO, P.O. Box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Vandersea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Beaufort Laboratory, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Tester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocean Tester, LLC, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Litaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Beaufort Laboratory, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8078-9459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zouher","family":"Amzil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IFREMER, Phycotoxins Laboratory, F-44311 Nantes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9047-1345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philipp","family":"Hess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IFREMER, Phycotoxins Laboratory, F-44311 Nantes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mireille","family":"Chinain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Louis Malard\u00e9 (ILM), Laboratory of Toxic Microalgae\u2014UMR 241-EIO, P.O. Box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Molecular systematics of vetigastropoda: Trochidae, turbinidae and trochoidea redefined","volume":"48","author":"Williams","year":"2008","journal-title":"Zool. Scr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.3354\/ab00253","article-title":"Experimental restocking and seasonal visibility of a coral reef gastropod assessed by temporal modelling","volume":"9","author":"Purcell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aquat. Biol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.3354\/ab00618","article-title":"Variability in diel and seasonal in situ metabolism of the tropical gastropod Tectus niloticus","volume":"23","author":"Lorrain","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aquat. Biol."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"3","article-title":"The status of trochus (Trochus niloticus) in Tongatapu Lagoon, kingdom of Tonga","volume":"15","author":"Pakoa","year":"2010","journal-title":"SPC Trochus Inf. Bull."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1071\/MF96002","article-title":"Population studies of juvenile Trochus niloticus on a reef flat on the North-Eastern Queensland coast, Australia","volume":"48","author":"Castell","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mar. Freshw. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"7","article-title":"Growth rate of Trochus niloticus (l., 1767) fed different food types","volume":"14","author":"Hoang","year":"2008","journal-title":"SPC Trochus Inf. Bull."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villanueva, R.D., Baria, M.V.B., and de la Cruz, D.W. (2013). Effects of grazing by herbivorous gastropod (Trochus niloticus) on the survivorship of cultured coral spat. Zool. Stud., 52.","DOI":"10.1186\/1810-522X-52-44"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Bour, W. (1992). Un Mollusque Nacrier du Pacifique. Biologie, \u00c9cologie et Gestion Rationnelle d\u2019un Mollusque Nacrier du Pacifique: Le Troca (Trochus niloticus L.) de Nouvelle Cal\u00e9donie, Institut Francais de Recherche Scientifique pour le D\u00e9veloppement en Coop\u00e9ration. Editions de l\u2019ORSTOM, Collection Etudes et The\u0300ses."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Adams, T.J.H., and Dalzell, P.J. (1994). Artisanal Fishing. East-West Center Workshop on Marine Biodiversity, University of Hawaii."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"13","article-title":"Experiments on using hatchery-reared Trochus niloticus juveniles for stock enhancement in Vietnam","volume":"13","author":"Hoang","year":"2007","journal-title":"SPC Trochus Inf. Bull."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"19","article-title":"Successes and failures in reintroducing giant clams in the Indo-Pacific region","volume":"14","author":"Teitelbaum","year":"2008","journal-title":"SPC Trochus Inf. Bull."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.9790\/2380-07123340","article-title":"Dynamic model of Trochus niloticus. Linn, in resources management, in coastal area of Saparua Island, Saparua Subdistrict, Central Maluku Regency","volume":"7","author":"Tuhumury","year":"2014","journal-title":"IOSR J. Agric. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"9","article-title":"Pacific islands trochus introductions 1927\u20131998","volume":"9","author":"Gillett","year":"2002","journal-title":"SPC Trochus Inf. Bull."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"French Polynesia. D\u00e9lib\u00e9ration relative \u00e0 la protection de certaines esp\u00e8ces animales marines et d\u2019eau douce du patrimoine naturel polyn\u00e9sien. Journal Officiel de la Polyn\u00e9sie Fran\u00e7aise: Tahiti, French Polynesia, 1988."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"19","article-title":"First report of a mass-poisoning outbreak following the consumption of Tectus niloticus (Gastropod) in French Polynesia: A novel pathway of Ciguatera Shellfish Poisoning?","volume":"50","author":"Gatti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Harmful Algae News"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"278","article-title":"Novel ciguatera shellfish poisoning (CSP) cluster following the consumption of Tectus niloticus (gastropod) in Nuku Hiva (Marquesas Archipelago, French Polynesia)","volume":"Volume 53","author":"Lonati","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 35th International Congress of the European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists (EAPCCT)"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.06.013","article-title":"Growth and toxin production in the ciguatera-causing dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus polynesiensis (Dinophyceae) in culture","volume":"56","author":"Chinain","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1605(00)00382-2","article-title":"Ciguatera: Recent advances but the risk remains","volume":"61","author":"Lehane","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Melissa, A.J., and Danielle, W.M. (2012). Ciguatera shellfish poisoning (CSP): A new ecotoxicological phenomenon from cyanobacteria to humans via giant clams. Food Chains: New Research, Nova Science Publishers, Inc.. Chapter 1."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.05.032","article-title":"Ciguatera risk management in French Polynesia: The case study of Raivavae Island (Australes Archipelago)","volume":"56","author":"Chinain","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1080\/19440049.2012.755644","article-title":"Evaluation of seafood toxicity in the Australes Archipelago (French Polynesia) using the neuroblastoma cell-based assay","volume":"30","author":"Pawlowiez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam. Part A"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2010.11.005","article-title":"Ciguatera poisoning in Rarotonga, southern Cook Islands","volume":"10","author":"Rongo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2016.05.007","article-title":"Evidence of the bioaccumulation of ciguatoxins in giant clams (Tridacna maxima) exposed to Gambierdiscus spp. cells","volume":"57","author":"Darius","year":"2016","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) (2010). Scientific opinion on marine biotoxins in shellfish\u2014Emerging toxins: Ciguatoxin group. EFSA J., 1627, 1\u201338."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration (2017, December 13). Fish and Fishery Products Hazards and Control Guidance, Available online: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/food\/guidanceregulation\/guidancedocumentsregulatoryinformation\/seafood\/ucm2018426.htm."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.3385","article-title":"Discovery of new analogs of the marine biotoxin azaspiracid in blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) by ultra-performance liquid chromatography\/tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"22","author":"Rehmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10641269509388565","article-title":"Phycotoxin-related shellfish poisoning: Bivalve molluscs are not the only vectors","volume":"3","author":"Shumway","year":"1995","journal-title":"Rev. Fish. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(97)00119-0","article-title":"Comparative analyses by HPLC and the sodium channel and saxiphilin 3H-saxitoxin receptor assays for paralytic shellfish toxins in crustaceans and molluscs from tropical North West Australia","volume":"36","author":"Negri","year":"1998","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.3390\/md6020308","article-title":"Non-traditional vectors for paralytic shellfish poisoning","volume":"6","author":"Deeds","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2016.12.038","article-title":"Relevance and challenges in monitoring marine bio toxins in nonbivalve vectors","volume":"76","author":"Costa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2007.05.007","article-title":"Ciguatera risk assessment in two toxic sites of French Polynesia using the receptor-binding assay","volume":"50","author":"Darius","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2017.02.005","article-title":"Toxicity screening of 13 Gambierdiscus strains using neuro-2a and erythrocyte lysis bioassays","volume":"63","author":"Pisapia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2017.11.006","article-title":"Application of solid phase adsorption toxin tracking (SPATT) devices for the field detection of Gambierdiscus toxins","volume":"71","author":"Darius","year":"2018","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2012.12.016","article-title":"Differences in the toxicity of six Gambierdiscus (Dinophyceae) species measured using an in vitro human erythrocyte lysis assay","volume":"65","author":"Holland","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2014.07.007","article-title":"High abundance of the potentially maitotoxic dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus carpenteri in temperate waters of New South Wales, Australia","volume":"39","author":"Kohli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pisapia, F., Sibat, M., Herrenknecht, C., Lhaute, K., Gaiani, G., Ferron, P.-J., Fessard, V., Fraga, S., Nascimento, S.M., and Litaker, R.W. (2017). Maitotoxin-4, a novel MTX analog produced by Gambierdiscus excentricus. Mar. Drugs, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/md15070220"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Litaker, R.W., Holland, W.C., Hardison, D.R., Pisapia, F., Hess, P., Kibler, S.R., and Tester, P.A. (2017). Ciguatoxicity of Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa species from the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0185776"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/s002270050623","article-title":"Seasonal abundance and toxicity of the dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus spp. (Dinophyceae), the causative agent of ciguatera in Tahiti, French Polynesia","volume":"135","author":"Chinain","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mar. Biol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.09.008","article-title":"Ciguatera: A public health perspective","volume":"56","author":"Dickey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.05.017","article-title":"Global distribution of ciguatera causing dinoflagellates in the genus Gambierdiscus","volume":"56","author":"Litaker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2012.04.007","article-title":"Growth of eight Gambierdiscus (Dinophyceae) species: Effects of temperature, salinity and irradiance","volume":"19","author":"Kibler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2014.03.007","article-title":"Effects of temperature, salinity and their interaction on growth of Japanese Gambierdiscus spp. (Dinophyceae)","volume":"35","author":"Yoshimatsu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, Y., Richlen, M.L., Liefer, J.D., Robertson, A., Kulis, D., Smith, T.B., Parsons, M.L., and Anderson, D.M. (2016). Influence of environmental variables on Gambierdiscus spp. (Dinophyceae) growth and distribution. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0153197"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2017.04.006","article-title":"Effects of temperature, salinity and composition of the dinoflagellate assemblage on the growth of Gambierdiscus carpenteri isolated from the great barrier reef","volume":"65","author":"Sparrow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"John, U., Tillmann, U., H\u00fclsk\u00f6tter, J., Alpermann, T.J., Wohlrab, S., and Van de Waal, D.B. (2015). Intraspecific facilitation by allelochemical mediated grazing protection within a toxigenic dinoflagellate population. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci., 282.","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2014.1268"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2016.10.007","article-title":"Genetic and toxinological characterization of north atlantic strains of the dinoflagellate Ostreopsis and allelopathic interactions with toxic and non-toxic species from the genera Prorocentrum, Coolia and Gambierdiscus","volume":"60","author":"Franco","year":"2016","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1080\/00288330.2002.9517118","article-title":"Uptake of palytoxin-like compounds by shellfish fed Ostreopsis siamensis (Dinophyceae)","volume":"36","author":"Rhodes","year":"2002","journal-title":"N. Z. J. Mar. Freshw. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2519","DOI":"10.3390\/md10112519","article-title":"Paralytic toxins accumulation and tissue expression of a-amylase and lipase genes in the pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas fed with the neurotoxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella","volume":"10","author":"Rolland","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2012.04.351","article-title":"Azaspiracid accumulation, detoxification and biotransformation in blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) experimentally fed Azadinium spinosum","volume":"60","author":"Jauffrais","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.010","article-title":"Dissolved azaspiracids are absorbed and metabolized by blue mussels (Mytilus edulis)","volume":"65","author":"Jauffrais","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2013.12.012","article-title":"Cellular and biochemical responses of the oyster Crassostrea gigas to controlled exposures to metals and Alexandrium minutum","volume":"147","author":"Haberkorn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2008.04.005","article-title":"Are cyanobacteria involved in Ciguatera Fish Poisoning-like outbreaks in new Caledonia?","volume":"7","author":"Laurent","year":"2008","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14070","DOI":"10.1021\/es403175d","article-title":"Pacific ciguatoxins in food web components of coral reef systems in the Republic of Kiribati","volume":"47","author":"Mak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3740","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins7093740","article-title":"First report of ciguatoxins in two starfish species : Ophidiaster ophidianus and Marthasterias glacialis","volume":"7","author":"Silva","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2010.06.017","article-title":"Detection of ciguatoxin-like and paralysing toxins in Trichodesmium spp. from New Caledonia lagoon: New Caledonia tropical lagoons: An overview of multidisciplinary investigations","volume":"61","author":"Kerbrat","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.10.029","article-title":"First identification of the neurotoxin homoanatoxin-a from mats of Hydrocoleum lyngbyaceum (marine cyanobacterium) possibly linked to giant clam poisoning in New Caledonia","volume":"56","author":"Mejean","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.3390\/md9040543","article-title":"First evidence of palytoxin and 42-hydroxy-palytoxin in the marine cyanobacterium Trichodesmium","volume":"9","author":"Kerbrat","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529-8817.2012.01118.x","article-title":"Molecular characterization of the diversity and potential toxicity of cyanobacterial mats in two tropical lagoons in the South Pacific ocean","volume":"48","author":"Villeneuve","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2014.06.009","article-title":"Sampling harmful benthic dinoflagellates: Comparison of artificial and natural substrate methods","volume":"39","author":"Tester","year":"2014","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529-8817.2012.01146.x","article-title":"Development of semi-quantitative pcr assays for the detection and enumeration of Gambierdiscus species (Gonyaulacales, Dinophyceae)","volume":"48","author":"Vandersea","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201300520","article-title":"Marine neurotoxins: State of the art, bottlenecks, and perspectives for mode of action based methods of detection in seafood","volume":"58","author":"Nicolas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1080\/19440049.2012.660707","article-title":"Towards the standardisation of the neuroblastoma (neuro-2a) cell-based assay for ciguatoxin-like toxicity detection in fish: Application to fish caught in the Canary Islands","volume":"29","author":"Caillaud","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8886","DOI":"10.1021\/ac200799j","article-title":"Detailed LC-MS\/MS analysis of ciguatoxins revealing distinct regional and species characteristics in fish and causative alga from the Pacific","volume":"83","author":"Yogi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.3390\/md504168","article-title":"Report on the first detection of pectenotoxin-2, spirolide-a and their derivatives in French shellfish","volume":"5","author":"Amzil","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2008.05.006","article-title":"First report on azaspiracid and yessotoxin groups detection in French shellfish","volume":"52","author":"Amzil","year":"2008","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.05.001","article-title":"Pinnatoxin G is responsible for atypical toxicity in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and clams (Venerupis decussata) from ingril, a french mediterranean lagoon","volume":"75","author":"Hess","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxicon"}],"container-title":["Toxins"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6651\/10\/1\/2\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:54:55Z","timestamp":1760208895000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6651\/10\/1\/2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,21]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]}},"alternative-id":["toxins10010002"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxins10010002","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6651"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6651","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,21]]}}}