{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T18:28:59Z","timestamp":1793384939628,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":503,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,8]],"date-time":"2018-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1515369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this narrative review, the biological\/biochemical impact (toxicity) of a large array of known individual uremic retention solutes and groups of solutes is summarized. We classified these compounds along their physico-chemical characteristics as small water-soluble compounds or groups, protein bound compounds and middle molecules. All but one solute (glomerulopressin) affected at least one mechanism with the potential to contribute to the uremic syndrome. In general, several mechanisms were influenced for each individual solute or group of solutes, with some impacting up to 7 different biological systems of the 11 considered. The inflammatory, cardio-vascular and fibrogenic systems were those most frequently affected and they are one by one major actors in the high morbidity and mortality of CKD but also the mechanisms that have most frequently been studied. A scoring system was built with the intention to classify the reviewed compounds according to the experimental evidence of their toxicity (number of systems affected) and overall experimental and clinical evidence. Among the highest globally scoring solutes were 3 small water-soluble compounds [asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA); trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO); uric acid], 6 protein bound compounds or groups of protein bound compounds [advanced glycation end products (AGEs); p-cresyl sulfate; indoxyl sulfate; indole acetic acid; the kynurenines; phenyl acetic acid;] and 3 middle molecules [\u03b22-microglobulin; ghrelin; parathyroid hormone). In general, more experimental data were provided for the protein bound molecules but for almost half of them clinical evidence was missing in spite of robust experimental data. The picture emanating is one of a complex disorder, where multiple factors contribute to a multisystem complication profile, so that it seems of not much use to pursue a decrease of concentration of a single compound.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins10010033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,8]],"date-time":"2018-01-08T12:26:02Z","timestamp":1515414362000},"page":"33","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":330,"title":["Biochemical and Clinical Impact of Organic Uremic Retention Solutes: A Comprehensive Update"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Raymond","family":"Vanholder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anneleen","family":"Pletinck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6443-7194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"Schepers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7641-4707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Griet","family":"Glorieux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1934","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2003.00924.x","article-title":"Review on uremic toxins: Classification, concentration, and interindividual variability","volume":"63","author":"Vanholder","year":"2003","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2842","DOI":"10.1021\/pr200093w","article-title":"Untargeted metabolomics identifies enterobiome metabolites and putative uremic toxins as substrates of organic anion transporter 1 (oat1)","volume":"10","author":"Wikoff","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(16)00033-4","article-title":"Clinical management of the uraemic syndrome in chronic kidney disease","volume":"4","author":"Vanholder","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1815","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V1081815","article-title":"Pathophysiologic effects of uremic retention solutes","volume":"10","author":"Vanholder","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. JASN"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2011121175","article-title":"Normal and pathologic concentrations of uremic toxins","volume":"23","author":"Duranton","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. JASN"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2201","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-016-0165-x","article-title":"Metabolic profiling of human plasma and urine in chronic kidney disease by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry: A pilot study","volume":"409","author":"Boelaert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1111\/sdi.12331","article-title":"New methods and technologies for measuring uremic toxins and quantifying dialysis adequacy","volume":"28","author":"Vanholder","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin. Dial."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2010121220","article-title":"Colonic contribution to uremic solutes","volume":"22","author":"Aronov","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. JASN"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2009111132","article-title":"Metabolite profiling identifies markers of uremia","volume":"21","author":"Rhee","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. JASN"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2009.11.040","article-title":"Metabolomic analysis of uremic toxins by liquid chromatography\/electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"878","author":"Kikuchi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B Anal. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.2010.02398.x","article-title":"Metabolomic analysis of human plasma from haemodialysis patients","volume":"41","author":"Sato","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1038\/hr.2010.113","article-title":"Metabolomic profiling of uremic solutes in ckd patients","volume":"33","author":"Toyohara","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hypertens. Res. Off. J. Jpn. Soc. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mutsaers, H.A., van den Heuvel, L.P., Ringens, L.H., Dankers, A.C., Russel, F.G., Wetzels, J.F., Hoenderop, J.G., and Masereeuw, R. (2011). Uremic toxins inhibit transport by breast cancer resistance protein and multidrug resistance protein 4 at clinically relevant concentrations. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0018438"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tanaka, H., Sirich, T.L., Plummer, N.S., Weaver, D.S., and Meyer, T.W. (2015). An enlarged profile of uremic solutes. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0135657"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2017.02.011","article-title":"Evaluation of the impact of gut microbiota on uremic solute accumulation by a ce-tofms-based metabolomics approach","volume":"92","author":"Mishima","year":"2017","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1177\/039139880102401004","article-title":"Uremic toxicity: Present state of the art","volume":"24","author":"Vanholder","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Artif. Organs"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2014.02.012","article-title":"Nonextracorporeal methods for decreasing uremic solute concentration: A future way to go?","volume":"34","author":"Meijers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2014.02.003","article-title":"Dimethylarginines adma and sdma: The real water-soluble small toxins?","volume":"34","author":"Schepers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2388","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfr672","article-title":"Novel method for simultaneous determination of p-cresylsulphate and p-cresylglucuronide: Clinical data and pathophysiological implications","volume":"27","author":"Meert","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1897","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2013101062","article-title":"The uremic toxicity of indoxyl sulfate and p-cresyl sulfate: A systematic review","volume":"25","author":"Vanholder","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. JASN"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2005.00238.x","article-title":"Kinetic behavior of urea is different from that of other water-soluble compounds: The case of the guanidino compounds","volume":"67","author":"Eloot","year":"2005","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2015.08.029","article-title":"Future avenues to decrease uremic toxin concentration","volume":"67","author":"Vanholder","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1053\/j.arrt.2003.08.003","article-title":"Low water-soluble uremic toxins","volume":"10","author":"Vanholder","year":"2003","journal-title":"Adv. Ren. Replace Ther."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-139X.2009.00577.x","article-title":"Guanidino compounds as uremic (neuro)toxins","volume":"22","author":"Vanholder","year":"2009","journal-title":"Semin. Dial."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1764","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2003.00912.x","article-title":"Involvement of voltage- and ligand-gated Ca2+ channels in the neuroexcitatory and synergistic effects of putative uremic neurotoxins","volume":"63","author":"Marescau","year":"2003","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(96)12615-X","article-title":"Epileptiform activity and hippocampal damage produced by intrahippocampal injection of guanidinosuccinic acid in rat","volume":"209","author":"Pan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2004.12.001","article-title":"Gsa: Behavioral, histological, electrophysiological and neurochemical effects","volume":"84","author":"Torremans","year":"2005","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2184","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2004.00631.x","article-title":"In vitro study of the potential role of guanidines in leukocyte functions related to atherogenesis and infection","volume":"65","author":"Glorieux","year":"2004","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1159\/000320765","article-title":"Guanidino compounds as cause of cardiovascular damage in chronic kidney disease: An in vitro evaluation","volume":"30","author":"Schepers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood Purif."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"69","article-title":"Effect of polyamines, methylguanidine, and guanidinosuccinic acid on calcitriol synthesis","volume":"115","author":"Patel","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Lab. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.12518","article-title":"Guanidinylations of albumin decreased binding capacity of hydrophobic metabolites","volume":"215","author":"Rueth","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Physiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2007.05.009","article-title":"Complex compartmental behavior of small water-soluble uremic retention solutes: Evaluation by direct measurements in plasma and erythrocytes","volume":"50","author":"Eloot","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(92)90865-Z","article-title":"Accumulation of an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide synthesis in chronic renal failure","volume":"339","author":"Vallance","year":"1992","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2011.31","article-title":"The role of asymmetric and symmetric dimethylarginines in renal disease","volume":"7","author":"Schwedhelm","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tain, Y.L., and Hsu, C.N. (2017). Toxic dimethylarginines: Asymmetric dimethylarginine (adma) and symmetric dimethylarginine (sdma). Toxins, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins9030092"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2127","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)07184-7","article-title":"Risk of acute coronary events and serum concentration of asymmetrical dimethylarginine","volume":"358","author":"Valkonen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2006.076711","article-title":"Asymmetrical dimethylarginine independently predicts total and cardiovascular mortality in individuals with angiographic coronary artery disease (the ludwigshafen risk and cardiovascular health study)","volume":"53","author":"Meinitzer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)07217-8","article-title":"Plasma concentration of asymmetrical dimethylarginine and mortality in patients with end-stage renal disease: A prospective study","volume":"358","author":"Zoccali","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2016.10.033","article-title":"Serum asymmetric and symmetric dimethylarginine and morbidity and mortality in hemodialysis patients","volume":"70","author":"Shafi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2735","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.060541","article-title":"Pathogenic cycle between the endogenous nitric oxide synthase inhibitor asymmetrical dimethylarginine and the leukocyte-derived hemoprotein myeloperoxidase","volume":"124","author":"Klinke","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000105764.22626.B1","article-title":"Cardiovascular effects of systemic nitric oxide synthase inhibition with asymmetrical dimethylarginine in humans","volume":"109","author":"Kielstein","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.01220215","article-title":"Asymmetric and symmetric dimethylarginine and sympathetic nerve traffic after renal denervation in patients with resistant hypertension","volume":"10","author":"Grassi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. CJASN"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1159\/000352059","article-title":"Cognitive patterns in relation to biomarkers of cerebrovascular disease and vascular risk factors","volume":"36","author":"Miralbell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2013.06.033","article-title":"Serum methylarginines and incident depression in a cohort of older adults","volume":"151","author":"McEvoy","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2670","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2016111184","article-title":"Asymmetric dimethylarginine contributes to the impaired response to erythropoietin in ckd-anemia","volume":"28","author":"Yokoro","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. JASN"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.537670","article-title":"Dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase overexpression suppresses graft coronary artery disease","volume":"112","author":"Tanaka","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2005101119","article-title":"Symmetrical dimethylarginine: A new combined parameter for renal function and extent of coronary artery disease","volume":"17","author":"Scalera","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. JASN"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2374","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.01720211","article-title":"Symmetric dimethylarginine as a proinflammatory agent in chronic kidney disease","volume":"6","author":"Schepers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. CJASN"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.02.009","article-title":"Abnormal high-density lipoprotein induces endothelial dysfunction via activation of toll-like receptor-2","volume":"38","author":"Speer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2682","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.113.301219","article-title":"Symmetrical dimethylarginine predicts mortality in the general population: Observations from the dallas heart study","volume":"33","author":"Gore","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwedhelm, E., Wallaschofski, H., Atzler, D., Dorr, M., Nauck, M., Volker, U., Kroemer, H.K., Volzke, H., Boger, R.H., and Friedrich, N. (2014). Incidence of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality predicted by symmetric dimethylarginine in the population-based study of health in pomerania. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0096875"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1301564","article-title":"Primary hyperoxaluria","volume":"369","author":"Cochat","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1973.80","article-title":"Oxalosis as a complication of chronic renal failure","volume":"4","author":"Salyer","year":"1973","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI112516","article-title":"Evidence that serum calcium oxalate supersaturation is a consequence of oxalate retention in patients with chronic renal failure","volume":"77","author":"Worcester","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2003.11.023","article-title":"Oxalic acid alters intracellular calcium in endothelial cells","volume":"173","author":"Recht","year":"2004","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.10.2.198","article-title":"Uremic levels of oxalic acid suppress replication and migration of human endothelial cells","volume":"10","author":"Levin","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arteriosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2012.09.006","article-title":"Uremic toxins inhibit renal metabolic capacity through interference with glucuronidation and mitochondrial respiration","volume":"1832","author":"Mutsaers","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1159\/000185973","article-title":"Phenylacetylglutamine and hippuric acid in uremic and healthy subjects","volume":"55","author":"Zimmerman","year":"1990","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shafi, T., Meyer, T.W., Hostetter, T.H., Melamed, M.L., Parekh, R.S., Hwang, S., Banerjee, T., Coresh, J., and Powe, N.R. (2015). Free levels of selected organic solutes and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hemodialysis patients: Results from the retained organic solutes and clinical outcomes (rosco) investigators. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0126048"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3479","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2015121302","article-title":"Microbiota-derived phenylacetylglutamine associates with overall mortality and cardiovascular disease in patients with ckd","volume":"27","author":"Poesen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. JASN"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3780","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2016010039","article-title":"Metabolic profiling of impaired cognitive function in patients receiving dialysis","volume":"27","author":"Chertow","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. JASN"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Jiang, C.M., Wan, H.Y., Wu, J.L., Quan, W.Q., Bals, R., Wu, K.Y., and Li, D. (2012). Cda-2, a urinary preparation, inhibits lung cancer development through the suppression of nf-kappab activation in myeloid cell. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0052117"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"83","article-title":"Trimethylaminuria (fish malodour syndrome) in chronic renal failure","volume":"16","author":"Hur","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hippokratia"},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Simenhoff, M.L., Saukkonen, J.J., Burke, J.F., Schaedler, R.W., Vogel, W.H., Bovee, K., and Lasker, N. (1978). Importance of aliphatic amines in uremia. Kidney Int. Suppl., S16\u2013S19."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9150(98)00142-7","article-title":"Endogenous formaldehyde as a potential factor of vulnerability of atherosclerosis: Involvement of semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase-mediated methylamine turnover","volume":"140","author":"Yu","year":"1998","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2017.04.076","article-title":"The effect of uremic solutes on the organic cation transporter 2","volume":"106","author":"Cheung","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Melamed, M.L., Plantinga, L., Shafi, T., Parekh, R., Meyer, T.W., Hostetter, T.H., Coresh, J., and Powe, N.R. (2013). Retained organic solutes, patient characteristics and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in hemodialysis: Results from the retained organic solutes and clinical outcomes (rosco) investigators. BMC Nephrol., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2369-14-134"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2008.02.301","article-title":"Relationship of impaired olfactory function in esrd to malnutrition and retained uremic molecules","volume":"52","author":"Raff","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1997.146","article-title":"Hplc fractions of human uremic plasma inhibit the rbc membrane calcium pump","volume":"51","author":"Lindner","year":"1997","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09922","article-title":"Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease","volume":"472","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Velasquez, M.T., Ramezani, A., Manal, A., and Raj, D.S. (2016). Trimethylamine n-oxide: The good, the bad and the unknown. Toxins, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins8110326"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8476","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1403224111","article-title":"Microscopic insights into the protein-stabilizing effect of trimethylamine n-oxide (tmao)","volume":"111","author":"Ma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCGENETICS.114.000219","article-title":"Does our gut microbiome predict cardiovascular risk? A review of the evidence from metabolomics","volume":"8","author":"Griffin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Genet."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2012.12.006","article-title":"Exhaled breath and fecal volatile organic biomarkers of chronic kidney disease","volume":"1830","author":"Meinardi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2016.04.018","article-title":"Divergent behavior of hydrogen sulfide pools and of the sulfur metabolite lanthionine, a novel uremic toxin, in dialysis patients","volume":"126","author":"Perna","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.24495","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide reduces cell adhesion and relevant inflammatory triggering by preventing adam17-dependent tnf-alpha activation","volume":"114","author":"Perna","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wen, Y.D., Wang, H., Kho, S.H., Rinkiko, S., Sheng, X., Shen, H.M., and Zhu, Y.Z. (2013). Hydrogen sulfide protects huvecs against hydrogen peroxide induced mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0053147"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2014.02.006","article-title":"Gases as uremic toxins: Is there something in the air?","volume":"34","author":"Jankowski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perna, A.F., Zacchia, M., Trepiccione, F., and Ingrosso, D. (2017). The sulfur metabolite lanthionine: Evidence for a role as a novel uremic toxin. Toxins, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins9010026"},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"662","article-title":"Myoinositol inhibits proliferation of cultured schwann cells: Evidence for neurotoxicity of myoinositol","volume":"4","author":"Niwa","year":"1989","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(73)91143-4","article-title":"Raised plasma-myoinositol levels in uraemia and experimental neuropathy","volume":"1","author":"Clements","year":"1973","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2004.02.021","article-title":"Effect of nacn on currents evoked by uremic retention solutes in dissociated mouse neurons","volume":"1008","author":"Torremans","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2013.05.011","article-title":"Potential role and therapeutic interests of myo-inositol in metabolic diseases","volume":"95","author":"Croze","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rutkowski, B., Slominska, E., Szolkiewicz, M., Smolenski, R.T., Striley, C., Rutkowski, P., and Swierczynski, J. (2003). N-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide: A novel uremic toxin?. Kidney Int. Suppl., S19\u2013S21.","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.63.s84.36.x"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lenglet, A., Liabeuf, S., Bodeau, S., Louvet, L., Mary, A., Boullier, A., Lemaire-Hurtel, A.S., Jonet, A., Sonnet, P., and Kamel, S. (2016). N-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide (2py)-major metabolite of nicotinamide: An update on an old uremic toxin. Toxins, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins8110339"},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"870","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of nicotinamide in haemodialysis patients: The nicoren study","volume":"32","author":"Lenglet","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1080\/0886022X.2016.1229990","article-title":"Uremic toxins: Some thoughts on acrolein and spermine","volume":"38","author":"Sindhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ren. Fail."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1042\/bst0310371","article-title":"Acrolein produced from polyamines as one of the uraemic toxins","volume":"31","author":"Sakata","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochem. Soc. Trans."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.2001.4569","article-title":"Polyamine cytotoxicity in the presence of bovine serum amine oxidase","volume":"282","author":"Sharmin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S73","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2001.59780073.x","article-title":"Polymeric protein-polyamine conjugates: A new class of uremic toxins affecting erythropoiesis","volume":"78","author":"Galli","year":"2001","journal-title":"Kidney Int. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1991.88","article-title":"Polyamines in the anemia of end-stage renal disease","volume":"39","author":"Kushner","year":"1991","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI110197","article-title":"Identification of spermine as an inhibitor of erythropoiesis in patients with chronic renal failure","volume":"67","author":"Radtke","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-9987.2006.00370.x","article-title":"Polyamines as an inhibitor on erythropoiesis of hemodialysis patients by in vitro bioassay using the fetal mouse liver assay","volume":"10","author":"Yoshida","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ther. Apheresis Dial."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1994.tb13078.x","article-title":"Inhibition by spermine of the induction of nitric oxide synthase in j774.2 macrophages: Requirement of a serum factor","volume":"112","author":"Szabo","year":"1994","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00434.2009","article-title":"Effects of a novel cystine-based glutathione precursor on oxidative stress in vascular smooth muscle cells","volume":"299","author":"Shen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/S0188-4409(00)00238-1","article-title":"Inhibition of platelet aggregation by putrescine, spermidine, and spermine in hypercholesterolemic rabbits","volume":"31","author":"Ramos","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-895X(25)08853-4","article-title":"Spermine and related polyamines produce a voltage-dependent reduction of n-methyl-d-aspartate receptor single-channel conductance","volume":"42","author":"Rock","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.1997.6627","article-title":"Neurotoxicity of polyamines and pharmacological neuroprotection in cultures of rat cerebellar granule cells","volume":"148","author":"Sparapani","year":"1997","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(93)90152-B","article-title":"Polyamine neurotoxicity is antagonized by dizocilpine in cultured chick cortical neurons","volume":"161","author":"Fahey","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(92)91546-Q","article-title":"Neurotoxic effects of the intrastriatal injection of spermine and spermidine: Lack of involvement of nmda receptors","volume":"596","author":"Bourdiol","year":"1992","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2000.0740060.x","article-title":"Spermine-induced toxicity in cerebellar granule neurons is independent of its actions at nmda receptors","volume":"74","author":"Segal","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1006\/exmp.1997.2215","article-title":"Direct inhibitory effect of uremic toxins and polyamines on proliferation of vero culture cells","volume":"64","author":"Stabellini","year":"1997","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2860597","article-title":"Dual effect of spermine on mitochondrial ca2+ transport","volume":"286","author":"Lenzen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.40.3.323","article-title":"Effects of ip3, spermine, and mg2+ on regulation of ca2+ transport by endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria in permeabilized pancreatic islets","volume":"40","author":"Lenzen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-013-1307-z","article-title":"Cationic uremic toxins affect human renal proximal tubule cell functioning through interaction with the organic cation transporter","volume":"465","author":"Schophuizen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch. Eur. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1720","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2015.93","article-title":"Spermidine promotes retinal ganglion cell survival and optic nerve regeneration in adult mice following optic nerve injury","volume":"6","author":"Noro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.2000.00940.x","article-title":"Overexpression of spermidine\/spermine n-acetyltransferase in transgenic mice protects the animals from kainate-induced toxicity","volume":"12","author":"Kaasinen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11140","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.19.11140","article-title":"The natural polyamine spermine functions directly as a free radical scavenger","volume":"95","author":"Ha","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2015.155","article-title":"Once upon a time in dialysis: The last days of kt\/v?","volume":"88","author":"Vanholder","year":"2015","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vanholder, R., Gryp, T., and Glorieux, G. (2017). Urea and chronic kidney disease: The comeback of the century? (in uraemia research). Nephrol. Dial. Transplant.","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfx039"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20160203","article-title":"Urea, a true uremic toxin: The empire strikes back","volume":"131","author":"Lau","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1111\/sdi.12515","article-title":"Reconsidering the lack of urea toxicity in dialysis patients","volume":"29","author":"Massy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin. Dial."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI37672","article-title":"Urea-induced ros generation causes insulin resistance in mice with chronic renal failure","volume":"120","author":"Du","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3598","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI86181","article-title":"Urea impairs beta cell glycolysis and insulin secretion in chronic kidney disease","volume":"126","author":"Koppe","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2015.01.034","article-title":"Urea-induced ros cause endothelial dysfunction in chronic renal failure","volume":"239","author":"Du","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2011.11.144","article-title":"Upregulation of bad, a pro-apoptotic protein of the bcl2 family, in vascular smooth muscle cells exposed to uremic conditions","volume":"417","author":"Trecherel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000345969","article-title":"Role of urea in intestinal barrier dysfunction and disruption of epithelial tight junction in chronic kidney disease","volume":"37","author":"Vaziri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2010","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa021583","article-title":"Effect of dialysis dose and membrane flux in maintenance hemodialysis","volume":"347","author":"Eknoyan","year":"2002","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3235","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2016040417","article-title":"Hemo revisited: Why kt\/vurea only tells part of the story","volume":"27","author":"Meijers","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. JASN"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000186","article-title":"Longer treatment time and slower ultrafiltration in hemodialysis: Associations with reduced mortality in the dopps","volume":"69","author":"Saran","year":"2006","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3469","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2015091035","article-title":"Kt\/vurea and nonurea small solute levels in the hemodialysis study","volume":"27","author":"Meyer","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. JASN"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2017.103","article-title":"Mechanisms and consequences of carbamoylation","volume":"13","author":"Delanghe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2143(99)90086-0","article-title":"Carbamylated proteins activate glomerular mesangial cells and stimulate collagen deposition","volume":"133","author":"Shaykh","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Lab. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2005.11.005","article-title":"Impact of carbamylation on type i collagen conformational structure and its ability to activate human polymorphonuclear neutrophils","volume":"13","author":"Jaisson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2005.00391.x","article-title":"Carbamylated low-density lipoprotein induces death of endothelial cells: A link to atherosclerosis in patients with kidney disease","volume":"68","author":"Ok","year":"2005","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000258795.75121.8a","article-title":"Carbamylated low-density lipoprotein induces monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells through intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1","volume":"27","author":"Apostolov","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F511","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00508.2015","article-title":"Increased carbamylation level of hdl in end-stage renal disease: Carbamylated-hdl attenuated endothelial cell function","volume":"310","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Ren. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175ra129","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3005218","article-title":"Carbamylation of serum albumin as a risk factor for mortality in patients with kidney failure","volume":"5","author":"Berg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Trans. Med."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2014.429","article-title":"Protein carbamylation is associated with heart failure and mortality in diabetic patients with end-stage renal disease","volume":"87","author":"Drechsler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2012030254","article-title":"Protein carbamylation predicts mortality in esrd","volume":"24","author":"Koeth","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. JASN"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/42.3.482","article-title":"Plasma cyanate concentrations in chronic renal failure","volume":"42","author":"Nilsson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2014.218","article-title":"The urea decomposition product cyanate promotes endothelial dysfunction","volume":"86","author":"Rao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.13631215","article-title":"Effect of synbiotic therapy on gut-derived uremic toxins and the intestinal microbiome in patients with ckd","volume":"11","author":"Vaziri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. CJASN"},{"key":"ref_134","first-page":"F596","article-title":"Effects of purine derivatives on calcitriol metabolism in rats","volume":"260","author":"Hsu","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V441035","article-title":"Effect of uric acid on plasma levels of 1,25(oh)2d in renal failure","volume":"4","author":"Vanholder","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. JASN"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1826","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V9101826","article-title":"Inhibition of calcitriol-induced monocyte cd14 expression by uremic toxins: Role of purines","volume":"9","author":"Glorieux","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. JASN"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000072820.07472.3B","article-title":"Uric acid stimulates monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 production in vascular smooth muscle cells via mitogen-activated protein kinase and cyclooxygenase-2","volume":"41","author":"Kanellis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F1134","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00104.2008","article-title":"Role of oxidative stress in the renal abnormalities induced by experimental hyperuricemia","volume":"295","author":"Soto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Ren. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e3282f240bf","article-title":"Uric acid stimulates vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and oxidative stress via the vascular renin-angiotensin system","volume":"26","author":"Corry","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Hypertens"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3197","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.13-247148","article-title":"Uric acid induces endothelial dysfunction by vascular insulin resistance associated with the impairment of nitric oxide synthesis","volume":"28","author":"Choi","year":"2014","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.2.742","article-title":"Hyperuricemia and urate nephropathy in urate oxidase-deficient mice","volume":"91","author":"Wu","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1159\/000089440","article-title":"Uric acid\u2014A uremic toxin?","volume":"24","author":"Nakagawa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood Purif."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1159\/000452726","article-title":"Uric acid, vascular stiffness, and chronic kidney disease: Is there a link?","volume":"43","author":"Madero","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood Purif."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsai, C.W., Lin, S.Y., Kuo, C.C., and Huang, C.C. (2017). Serum uric acid and progression of kidney disease: A longitudinal analysis and mini-review. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0170393"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpu253","article-title":"Association of uric acid with vascular stiffness in the framingham heart study","volume":"28","author":"Mehta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2014.04.024","article-title":"Uric acid levels, kidney function, and cardiovascular mortality in us adults: National health and nutrition examination survey (nhanes) 1988\u20131994 and 1999\u20132002","volume":"64","author":"Odden","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2831","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2014070660","article-title":"Uric acid and cardiovascular events: A mendelian randomization study","volume":"26","author":"Kleber","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. JASN"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2016.05.009","article-title":"Serum uric acid and mortality in chronic kidney disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"65","author":"Xia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Metab. Clin. Exp."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1159\/000322966","article-title":"Serum uric acid is inversely related to acute ischemic stroke morbidity in hemodialysis patients","volume":"33","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1159\/000329097","article-title":"Relationship between uric acid and subtle cognitive dysfunction in chronic kidney disease","volume":"34","author":"Afsar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hsu, W.L., Li, S.Y., Liu, J.S., Huang, P.H., Lin, S.J., Hsu, C.C., Lin, Y.P., and Tarng, D.C. (2017). High uric acid ameliorates indoxyl sulfate-induced endothelial dysfunction and is associated with lower mortality among hemodialysis patients. Toxins, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins9010020"},{"key":"ref_152","first-page":"1750","article-title":"Serum uric acid, protein intake and mortality in hemodialysis patients","volume":"32","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ng, K.P., Stringer, S.J., Jesky, M.D., Yadav, P., Athwal, R., Dutton, M., Ferro, C.J., and Cockwell, P. (2014). Allopurinol is an independent determinant of improved arterial stiffness in chronic kidney disease: A cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0091961"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1833","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-014-0731-0","article-title":"Association between allopurinol and mortality among japanese hemodialysis patients: Results from the dopps","volume":"46","author":"Tsuruta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Urol. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2016050521","article-title":"Vascular function and uric acid-lowering in stage 3 ckd","volume":"28","author":"Jalal","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. JASN"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.08488","article-title":"Effect of uric acid-lowering agents on endothelial function: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"69","author":"Borgi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.300.8.924","article-title":"Effect of allopurinol on blood pressure of adolescents with newly diagnosed essential hypertension: A randomized trial","volume":"300","author":"Feig","year":"2008","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2014.11.016","article-title":"Allopurinol and progression of ckd and cardiovascular events: Long-term follow-up of a randomized clinical trial","volume":"65","author":"Goicoechea","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1994.312","article-title":"The biological action of calcitriol in renal failure","volume":"46","author":"Hsu","year":"1994","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1159\/000245639","article-title":"The gut: The forgotten organ in uremia?","volume":"29","author":"Schepers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood Purif."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2014010042","article-title":"Randomized placebo-controlled eppic trials of ast-120 in ckd","volume":"26","author":"Schulman","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. JASN"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.12011214","article-title":"A randomized, controlled trial of oral intestinal sorbent ast-120 on renal function deterioration in patients with advanced renal dysfunction","volume":"11","author":"Cha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. CJASN"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-139X.2009.00576.x","article-title":"Protein-bound toxins--update 2009","volume":"22","author":"Dou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Semin. Dial."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gryp, T., Vanholder, R., Vaneechoutte, M., and Glorieux, G. (2017). P-cresyl sulfate. Toxins, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins9020052"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leong, S.C., and Sirich, T.L. (2016). Indoxyl sulfate-review of toxicity and therapeutic strategies. Toxins, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins8120358"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2014101047","article-title":"Uremic toxicity of advanced glycation end products in ckd","volume":"27","author":"Stinghen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. JASN"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198805193182007","article-title":"Advanced glycosylation end products in tissue and the biochemical basis of diabetic complications","volume":"318","author":"Brownlee","year":"1988","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.1999.00302.x","article-title":"Alterations in nonenzymatic biochemistry in uremia: Origin and significance of \u201ccarbonyl stress\u201d in long-term uremic complications","volume":"55","author":"Miyata","year":"1999","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1994.262","article-title":"Immunological quantification of advanced glycosylation end-products in the serum of patients on hemodialysis or capd","volume":"46","author":"Papanastasiou","year":"1994","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2013.10.002","article-title":"Receptor for advanced glycation end-products promotes premature senescence of proximal tubular epithelial cells via activation of endoplasmic reticulum stress-dependent p21 signaling","volume":"26","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Signal."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.21.6.905","article-title":"Receptor for advanced glycation end products mediates inflammation and enhanced expression of tissue factor in vasculature of diabetic apolipoprotein e-null mice","volume":"21","author":"Kislinger","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-010-0773-2","article-title":"Advanced glycation endproducts: From precursors to rage: Round and round we go","volume":"42","author":"Ramasamy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"ref_173","first-page":"1662","article-title":"Expression of receptors for advanced glycosylated end-products in renal disease","volume":"10","author":"Abel","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfu282","article-title":"Association of plasma levels of soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products and risk of kidney disease: The atherosclerosis risk in communities study","volume":"30","author":"Rebholz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9889","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)36966-1","article-title":"Enhanced cellular oxidant stress by the interaction of advanced glycation end products with their receptors\/binding proteins","volume":"269","author":"Yan","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2007-1544","article-title":"Advanced oxidation protein products promote inflammation in diabetic kidney through activation of renal nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase","volume":"149","author":"Shi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2165","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.178.6.2165","article-title":"Advanced glycosylation endproduct-specific receptors on human and rat t-lymphocytes mediate synthesis of interferon gamma: Role in tissue remodeling","volume":"178","author":"Imani","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2004.00860.x","article-title":"Effect of advanced glycation end-products on gene expression and synthesis of tnf-alpha and endothelial nitric oxide synthase by endothelial cells","volume":"66","author":"Rashid","year":"2004","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI115014","article-title":"Advanced glycosylation products quench nitric oxide and mediate defective endothelium-dependent vasodilatation in experimental diabetes","volume":"87","author":"Bucala","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118175","article-title":"Advanced glycation endproducts interacting with their endothelial receptor induce expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (vcam-1) in cultured human endothelial cells and in mice. A potential mechanism for the accelerated vasculopathy of diabetes","volume":"96","author":"Schmidt","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2006.02.019","article-title":"Positive association of serum levels of advanced glycation end products with thrombogenic markers in humans","volume":"55","author":"Enomoto","year":"2006","journal-title":"Metab. Clin. Exp."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2033","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)63254-3","article-title":"Advanced glycation end-products induce connective tissue growth factor-mediated renal fibrosis predominantly through transforming growth factor beta-independent pathway","volume":"165","author":"Zhou","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rubin, M.R., Paschalis, E.P., Poundarik, A., Sroga, G.E., McMahon, D.J., Gamsjaeger, S., Klaushofer, K., and Vashishth, D. (2016). Advanced glycation endproducts and bone material properties in type 1 diabetic mice. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0160164"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3744","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.9.3744","article-title":"Neurotoxicity of advanced glycation endproducts during focal stroke and neuroprotective effects of aminoguanidine","volume":"92","author":"Zimmerman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000330","article-title":"Oxidative stress, advanced glycation end product, and coronary artery calcification in hemodialysis patients","volume":"70","author":"Taki","year":"2006","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2014.10.011","article-title":"Association of advanced glycation end products and chronic kidney disease with macroangiopathy in type 2 diabetes","volume":"29","author":"Rigalleau","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Complicat."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201400643","article-title":"Dietary cml-enriched protein induces functional arterial aging in a rage-dependent manner in mice","volume":"59","author":"Grossin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2002.00423.x","article-title":"Advanced glycation end products and mortality in hemodialysis patients","volume":"62","author":"Schwedler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2004.00736.x","article-title":"Potential cardiovascular risk factors in chronic kidney disease: Ages, total homocysteine and metabolites, and the c-reactive protein","volume":"66","author":"Busch","year":"2004","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2014.05.037","article-title":"Two soluble isoforms of receptors for advanced glycation end products (rage) in carotid atherosclerosis: The difference of soluble and endogenous secretory rage","volume":"23","author":"Moriya","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2005.67138.x","article-title":"Glycoxidation and inflammatory markers in patients on treatment with pmma-based protein-leaking dialyzers","volume":"67","author":"Galli","year":"2005","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1997.497","article-title":"Reduction of plasma apolipoprotein-b by effective removal of circulating glycation derivatives in uremia","volume":"52","author":"Fishbane","year":"1997","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)92935-1","article-title":"Reactive glycosylation endproducts in diabetic uraemia and treatment of renal failure","volume":"343","author":"Makita","year":"1994","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2014.10.004","article-title":"Effect of an advanced glycation end product-restricted diet and exercise on metabolic parameters in adult overweight men","volume":"31","author":"Uribarri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2282","DOI":"10.2337\/db16-0153","article-title":"Improved glycemic control and vascular function in overweight and obese subjects by glyoxalase 1 inducer formulation","volume":"65","author":"Xue","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20160025","article-title":"Methylglyoxal-induced dicarbonyl stress in aging and disease: First steps towards glyoxalase 1-based treatments","volume":"130","author":"Rabbani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1996.186","article-title":"Advanced oxidation protein products as a novel marker of oxidative stress in uremia","volume":"49","author":"Friedlander","year":"1996","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2003.00044.x","article-title":"Aopp-induced activation of human neutrophil and monocyte oxidative metabolism: A potential target for n-acetylcysteine treatment in dialysis patients","volume":"64","author":"Gausson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2006.067504","article-title":"Radical oxygen species production induced by advanced oxidation protein products predicts clinical evolution and response to treatment in systemic sclerosis","volume":"66","author":"Servettaz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2524","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.161.5.2524","article-title":"Advanced oxidation protein products as novel mediators of inflammation and monocyte activation in chronic renal failure","volume":"161","author":"Friedlander","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2004.09.011","article-title":"Advanced oxidation protein products as risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular events in nondiabetic predialysis patients","volume":"45","author":"Nguyen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2006.12.026","article-title":"Overestimation of advanced oxidation protein products in uremic plasma due to presence of triglycerides and other endogenous factors","volume":"379","author":"Valli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta Int. J. Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2010.54","article-title":"Rage and the pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease","volume":"6","author":"Schmidt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garibaldi, S., Barisione, C., Marengo, B., Ameri, P., Brunelli, C., Balbi, M., and Ghigliotti, G. (2017). Advanced oxidation protein products-modified albumin induces differentiation of raw264.7 macrophages into dendritic-like cells which is modulated by cell surface thiols. Toxins, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins9010027"},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1981.169","article-title":"Suppression of tubular anion transport by an inhibitor of serum protein binding in uremia","volume":"20","author":"Depner","year":"1981","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(93)90200-8","article-title":"A naturally occurring furan fatty acid enhances drug inhibition of thyroxine binding in serum","volume":"42","author":"Lim","year":"1993","journal-title":"Metab. Clin. Exp."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1159\/000045631","article-title":"Decreased bilirubin-binding capacity in uremic serum caused by an accumulation of furan dicarboxylic acid","volume":"85","author":"Tsutsumi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"key":"ref_208","first-page":"54","article-title":"Renal organic acid transport: Uptake by rat kidney slices of a furan dicarboxylic acid which inhibits plasma protein binding of acidic ligands in uremia","volume":"263","author":"Henderson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta Int. J. Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2004.00354.x","article-title":"Characterization of uremic toxin transport by organic anion transporters in the kidney","volume":"65","author":"Deguchi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1159\/000185076","article-title":"Inhibition of hepatic glutathione s-transferases by a major endogenous ligand substance present in uremic serum","volume":"49","author":"Mabuchi","year":"1988","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"key":"ref_211","first-page":"318","article-title":"A furan fatty acid and indoxyl sulfate are the putative inhibitors of thyroxine hepatocyte transport in uremia","volume":"76","author":"Lim","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1097\/FTD.0b013e3181838077","article-title":"Effects of uremic serum and uremic toxins on hepatic uptake of digoxin","volume":"30","author":"Tsujimoto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ther. Drug Monit."},{"key":"ref_213","first-page":"92","article-title":"Inhibition of mitochondrial respiration by furancarboxylic acid accumulated in uremic serum in its albumin-bound and non-dialyzable form","volume":"39","author":"Niwa","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1159\/000189035","article-title":"Hypothesis: Is accumulation of a furan dicarboxylic acid (3-carboxy-4- methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropanoic acid) related to the neurological abnormalities in patients with renal failure?","volume":"73","author":"Costigan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1860","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.6b01668","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of urofuranoic acids: In vivo metabolism of 2-(2-carboxyethyl)-4-methyl-5-propylfuran-3-carboxylic acid (cmpf) and effects on in vitro insulin secretion","volume":"60","author":"Nagy","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2014.03.008","article-title":"The furan fatty acid metabolite cmpf is elevated in diabetes and induces beta cell dysfunction","volume":"19","author":"Prentice","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lankinen, M.A., Hanhineva, K., Kolehmainen, M., Lehtonen, M., Auriola, S., Mykkanen, H., Poutanen, K., Schwab, U., and Uusitupa, M. (2015). Cmpf does not associate with impaired glucose metabolism in individuals with features of metabolic syndrome. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0124379"},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1159\/000186147","article-title":"Efficient removal of albumin-bound furancarboxylic acid, an inhibitor of erythropoiesis, by continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis","volume":"56","author":"Niwa","year":"1990","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1996.91","article-title":"Plasma clearance in the rat of a furan dicarboxylic acid which accumulates in uremia","volume":"49","author":"Costigan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1995.64","article-title":"Mechanisms of uremic inhibition of phagocyte reactive species production: Characterization of the role of p-cresol","volume":"47","author":"Vanholder","year":"1995","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfr056","article-title":"Warning: The unfortunate end of p-cresol as a uraemic toxin","volume":"26","author":"Vanholder","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2005.050781","article-title":"Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis for measurement of p-cresol and its conjugated metabolites in uremic and normal serum","volume":"51","author":"Bammens","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3430","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2005030310","article-title":"Removal of p-cresol sulfate by hemodialysis","volume":"16","author":"Martinez","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. JASN"},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfx089","article-title":"P-cresyl glucuronide is a major metabolite of p-cresol in mouse: In contrast to p-cresyl sulphate, p-cresyl glucuronide fails to promote insulin resistance","volume":"32","author":"Koppe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liabeuf, S., Glorieux, G., Lenglet, A., Diouf, M., Schepers, E., Desjardins, L., Choukroun, G., Vanholder, R., Massy, Z.A., and European Uremic Toxin Work Group (2013). Does p-cresylglucuronide have the same impact on mortality as other protein-bound uremic toxins?. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0067168"},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1988.99","article-title":"Drug protein binding in chronic renal failure: Evaluation of nine drugs","volume":"33","author":"Vanholder","year":"1988","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e111","DOI":"10.1159\/000074327","article-title":"Uremic toxins overload accelerates renal damage in a rat model of chronic renal failure","volume":"95","author":"Satoh","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nephron Exp. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0704482","article-title":"Uraemic toxins induce proximal tubular injury via organic anion transporter 1-mediated uptake","volume":"135","author":"Motojima","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512178","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/512178","article-title":"Classification of five uremic solutes according to their effects on renal tubular cells","volume":"2014","author":"Edamatsu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_230","first-page":"202","article-title":"Renal metabolic profiling of early renal injury and renoprotective effects of poria cocos epidermis using uplc q-tof\/hsms\/mse","volume":"81\u201382","author":"Zhao","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biom. Anal."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s11306-011-0291-6","article-title":"Discovery of early-stage biomarkers for diabetic kidney disease using ms-based metabolomics (finndiane study)","volume":"8","author":"Tempels","year":"2012","journal-title":"Metabolomics"},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3760","DOI":"10.1021\/pr070172w","article-title":"Evaluation of tubulointerstitial lesions\u2019 severity in patients with glomerulonephritides: An nmr-based metabonomic study","volume":"6","author":"Psihogios","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4347(00)82773-5","article-title":"Inhibition of glucose utilization in uremia by hippurate: Liquid chromatographic isolation and mass spectrometric and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic identification","volume":"490","author":"Spustova","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr."},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S84","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2001.59780084.x","article-title":"Characterization of p-hydroxy-hippuric acid as an inhibitor of ca2+-atpase in end-stage renal failure","volume":"78","author":"Jankowski","year":"2001","journal-title":"Kidney Int. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2512","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfn098","article-title":"The uraemic retention solute para-hydroxy-hippuric acid attenuates apoptosis of polymorphonuclear leukocytes from healthy subjects but not from haemodialysis patients","volume":"23","author":"Cohen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9150(94)05470-4","article-title":"Hyperhomocysteinemia and traditional cardiovascular disease risk factors in end-stage renal disease patients on dialysis: A case-control study","volume":"114","author":"Bostom","year":"1995","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1995.31","article-title":"Mechanism of erythrocyte accumulation of methylation inhibitor s-adenosylhomocysteine in uremia","volume":"47","author":"Perna","year":"1995","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)13372-7","article-title":"Folate treatment and unbalanced methylation and changes of allelic expression induced by hyperhomocysteinaemia in patients with uraemia","volume":"361","author":"Ingrosso","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6369","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.14.6369","article-title":"Promotion of vascular smooth muscle cell growth by homocysteine: A link to atherosclerosis","volume":"91","author":"Tsai","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9150(95)05740-4","article-title":"Homocysteine induced arteriosclerosis-like alterations of the aorta in normotensive and hypertensive rats following application of high doses of methionine","volume":"122","author":"Matthias","year":"1996","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/126.suppl_4.1285S","article-title":"Homocysteine and hemostasis: Pathogenic mechanisms predisposing to thrombosis","volume":"126","author":"Harpel","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3756","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfp378","article-title":"Hydrogen sulphide-generating pathways in haemodialysis patients: A study on relevant metabolites and transcriptional regulation of genes encoding for key enzymes","volume":"24","author":"Perna","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1997.362","article-title":"Mutation (677 c to t) in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene aggravates hyperhomocysteinemia in hemodialysis patients","volume":"52","author":"Fodinger","year":"1997","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.97.5.437","article-title":"Low circulating folate and vitamin b6 concentrations: Risk factors for stroke, peripheral vascular disease, and coronary artery disease. European comac group","volume":"97","author":"Robinson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/57.1.47","article-title":"Vitamin b-12, vitamin b-6, and folate nutritional status in men with hyperhomocysteinemia","volume":"57","author":"Ubbink","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9150(96)05809-1","article-title":"Folate status is the major determinant of fasting total plasma homocysteine levels in maintenance dialysis patients","volume":"123","author":"Bostom","year":"1996","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASN.0000107564.60018.51","article-title":"A low, rather than a high, total plasma homocysteine is an indicator of poor outcome in hemodialysis patients","volume":"15","author":"Block","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. JASN"},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000096","article-title":"Impact of malnutrition-inflammation on the association between homocysteine and mortality","volume":"69","author":"Ducloux","year":"2006","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1572","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.570127","article-title":"Relationship between homocysteine and mortality in chronic kidney disease","volume":"113","author":"Menon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.298.10.1163","article-title":"Effect of homocysteine lowering on mortality and vascular disease in advanced chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"298","author":"Jamison","year":"2007","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfm485","article-title":"Homocysteine lowering with folic acid and b vitamins in people with chronic kidney disease--results of the renal hope-2 study","volume":"23","author":"Mann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.490","article-title":"Effect of b-vitamin therapy on progression of diabetic nephropathy: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"303","author":"House","year":"2010","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.904672","article-title":"B vitamins and the risk of total mortality and cardiovascular disease in end-stage renal disease: Results of a randomized controlled trial","volume":"121","author":"Heinz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.2274","article-title":"Efficacy of folic acid therapy in primary prevention of stroke among adults with hypertension in china: The csppt randomized clinical trial","volume":"313","author":"Huo","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2016.4687","article-title":"Efficacy of folic acid therapy on the progression of chronic kidney disease","volume":"176","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2009.01.266","article-title":"Homocysteine as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in patients treated by dialysis: A meta-analysis","volume":"54","author":"Heinz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.05310610","article-title":"Folic acid therapy and cardiovascular disease in esrd or advanced chronic kidney disease: A meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Qin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. CJASN"},{"key":"ref_258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2596","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfg437","article-title":"Effect of dialyser membrane pore size on plasma homocysteine levels in haemodialysis patients","volume":"18","author":"Langlois","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_259","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.10141110","article-title":"Indoxyl sulfate: Long suspected but not yet proven guilty","volume":"6","author":"Sirich","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. CJASN"},{"key":"ref_260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins8120358","article-title":"Comment on indoxyl sulfate-review of toxicity and therapeutic strategies","volume":"8","author":"Barreto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref_261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, C.C., Hung, S.C., Kuo, K.L., and Tarng, D.C. (2017). Impact of indoxyl sulfate on progenitor cell-related neovascularization of peripheral arterial disease and post-angioplasty thrombosis of dialysis vascular access. Toxins, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins9010025"},{"key":"ref_262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karbowska, M., Kaminski, T.W., Marcinczyk, N., Misztal, T., Rusak, T., Smyk, L., and Pawlak, D. (2017). The uremic toxin indoxyl sulfate accelerates thrombotic response after vascular injury in animal models. Toxins, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins9070229"},{"key":"ref_263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2013121283","article-title":"The cardiovascular effect of the uremic solute indole-3 acetic acid","volume":"26","author":"Dou","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. JASN"},{"key":"ref_264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.110.220202","article-title":"Activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor induces vascular inflammation and promotes atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein e-\/- mice","volume":"31","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2013.133","article-title":"Indolic uremic solutes increase tissue factor production in endothelial cells by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathway","volume":"84","author":"Gondouin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins6030934","article-title":"The aryl hydrocarbon receptor-activating effect of uremic toxins from tryptophan metabolism: A new concept to understand cardiovascular complications of chronic kidney disease","volume":"6","author":"Sallee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref_267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1002\/cbf.1307","article-title":"Influence of indole acetic acid on antioxidant levels and enzyme activities of glucose metabolism in rat liver","volume":"25","author":"Oliveira","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Biochem. Funct."},{"key":"ref_268","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2010.11.025","article-title":"Antibody-targeted horseradish peroxidase associated with indole-3-acetic acid induces apoptosis in vitro in hematological malignancies","volume":"35","author":"Dalmazzo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Leuk. Res."},{"key":"ref_269","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1159\/000189284","article-title":"Accumulation of indoxyl-beta-d-glucuronide in uremic serum: Suppression of its production by oral sorbent and efficient removal by hemodialysis","volume":"74","author":"Niwa","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"key":"ref_270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F565","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.2000.279.3.F565","article-title":"Mechanism of increases in l-kynurenine and quinolinic acid in renal insufficiency","volume":"279","author":"Saito","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Ren. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19189","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.024042","article-title":"Kynurenic acid triggers firm arrest of leukocytes to vascular endothelium under flow conditions","volume":"284","author":"Barth","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_272","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22021","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M603503200","article-title":"Kynurenic acid as a ligand for orphan g protein-coupled receptor gpr35","volume":"281","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_273","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-011-2539-2","article-title":"Acute elevations of brain kynurenic acid impair cognitive flexibility: Normalization by the alpha7 positive modulator galantamine","volume":"220","author":"Alexander","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_274","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.18433\/J3M89Q","article-title":"Organic anion transporting polypeptides 1b1 and 1b3 play an important role in uremic toxin handling and drug-uremic toxin interactions in the liver","volume":"17","author":"Sato","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-006-9124-y","article-title":"Kynurenines impair energy metabolism in rat cerebral cortex","volume":"27","author":"Schuck","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwv242","article-title":"Plasma biomarkers of inflammation, the kynurenine pathway, and risks of all-cause, cancer, and cardiovascular disease mortality: The hordaland health study","volume":"183","author":"Zuo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_277","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.114.304674","article-title":"Associations of plasma kynurenines with risk of acute myocardial infarction in patients with stable angina pectoris","volume":"35","author":"Pedersen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_278","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2008.08.014","article-title":"The kynurenines are associated with oxidative stress, inflammation and the prevalence of cardiovascular disease in patients with end-stage renal disease","volume":"204","author":"Pawlak","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_279","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1160\/TH08-10-0696","article-title":"Hypercoagulability is independently associated with kynurenine pathway activation in dialysed uraemic patients","volume":"102","author":"Pawlak","year":"2009","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2016.03.002","article-title":"Determination of the binding properties of the uremic toxin phenylacetic acid to human serum albumin","volume":"125","author":"Saldanha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200315524","article-title":"Increased plasma phenylacetic acid in patients with end-stage renal failure inhibits inos expression","volume":"112","author":"Jankowski","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_282","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3160","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfm455","article-title":"The uraemic toxin phenylacetic acid inhibits osteoblastic proliferation and differentiation: An implication for the pathogenesis of low turnover bone in chronic renal failure","volume":"22","author":"Yano","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_283","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfm475","article-title":"The uraemic toxin phenylacetic acid increases the formation of reactive oxygen species in vascular smooth muscle cells","volume":"23","author":"Schmidt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfs454","article-title":"The uraemic toxin phenylacetic acid contributes to inflammation by priming polymorphonuclear leucocytes","volume":"28","author":"Cohen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F693","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00327.2002","article-title":"Contribution of quinolinic acid in the development of anemia in renal insufficiency","volume":"284","author":"Pawlak","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Ren. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_286","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2012.08485.x","article-title":"Quinolinic acid, the inescapable neurotoxin","volume":"279","author":"Guillemin","year":"2012","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_287","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2011121140","article-title":"Effect of online hemodiafiltration on all-cause mortality and cardiovascular outcomes","volume":"23","author":"Grooteman","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. JASN"},{"key":"ref_288","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfs407","article-title":"Mortality and cardiovascular events in online haemodiafiltration (ol-hdf) compared with high-flux dialysis: Results from the turkish ol-hdf study","volume":"28","author":"Ok","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_289","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2017.01.013","article-title":"Treatment tolerance and patient-reported outcomes favor online hemodiafiltration compared to high-flux hemodialysis in the elderly","volume":"91","author":"Morena","year":"2017","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Locatelli, F., Karaboyas, A., Pisoni, R.L., Robinson, B.M., Fort, J., Vanholder, R., Rayner, H.C., Kleophas, W., Jacobson, S.H., and Combe, C. (2017). Mortality risk in patients on hemodiafiltration versus hemodialysis: A \u2018real-world\u2019 comparison from the dopps. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant.","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfx277"},{"key":"ref_291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2012080875","article-title":"High-efficiency postdilution online hemodiafiltration reduces all-cause mortality in hemodialysis patients","volume":"24","author":"Maduell","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. JASN"},{"key":"ref_292","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.1998.00136.x","article-title":"Plasma adrenomedullin during acute changes in intravascular volume in hemodialysis patients","volume":"54","author":"Mallamaci","year":"1998","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_293","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G43","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.90532.2008","article-title":"Adrenomedullin reduces intestinal epithelial permeability in vivo and in vitro","volume":"297","author":"Brell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_294","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1160\/TH07-02-0128","article-title":"Adrenomedullin and endothelial barrier function","volume":"98","author":"Hocke","year":"2007","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(97)01384-7","article-title":"Adrenomedullin has mitogenic effects on human oral keratinocytes: Involvement of cyclic amp","volume":"418","author":"Kapas","year":"1997","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_296","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castillo-Rodriguez, E., Pizarro-Sanchez, S., Sanz, A.B., Ramos, A.M., Sanchez-Nino, M.D., Martin-Cleary, C., Fernandez-Fernandez, B., and Ortiz, A. (2017). Inflammatory cytokines as uremic toxins: \u201cNi son todos los que estan, ni estan todos los que son\u201d. Toxins, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins9040114"},{"key":"ref_297","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2006.01995.x","article-title":"Angiogenin: A review of the pathophysiology and potential clinical applications","volume":"4","author":"Patel","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost. JTH"},{"key":"ref_298","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30274","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)43808-2","article-title":"Inhibition of degranulation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes by angiogenin and its tryptic fragment","volume":"269","author":"Tschesche","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_299","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21982","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)36710-9","article-title":"Angiogenin is a cytotoxic, trna-specific ribonuclease in the rnase a superfamily","volume":"267","author":"Saxena","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V1271508","article-title":"Cardiac natriuretic peptides are related to left ventricular mass and function and predict mortality in dialysis patients","volume":"12","author":"Zoccali","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. JASN"},{"key":"ref_301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI112447","article-title":"Role of atrial natriuretic peptide in adaptation of sodium excretion with reduced renal mass","volume":"77","author":"Smith","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)11351-7","article-title":"Neuromodulatory effects of atrial natriuretic peptides correlate with an inhibition of adenylate cyclase but not an activation of guanylate cyclase","volume":"260","author":"Drewett","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_303","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0810379","article-title":"Effects of continuous infusion of atrial natriuretic peptide on the pulmonary hypertension induced by chronic hypoxia in rats","volume":"81","author":"Zhao","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.293.6543.351","article-title":"Effect of human atrial natriuretic peptide on blood pressure after sodium depletion in essential hypertension","volume":"293","author":"Janssen","year":"1986","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1097\/00005344-198611000-00005","article-title":"Increase in circulating insulin induced by atrial natriuretic peptide in normal humans","volume":"8","author":"Uehlinger","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_306","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1016\/0196-9781(96)00152-0","article-title":"Atrial natriuretic peptide (anp)-induced inhibition of glucagon secretion: Mechanism of action in isolated rat pancreatic islets","volume":"17","author":"Verspohl","year":"1996","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_307","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1677\/jme.1.01673","article-title":"Atrial natriuretic peptide inhibits the actions of fsh and forskolin in meiotic maturation of pig oocytes via different signalling pathways","volume":"34","author":"Zhang","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_308","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejheart.2007.06.005","article-title":"Association between anaemia and n-terminal pro-b-type natriuretic peptide (nt-probnp): Findings from the heart and soul study","volume":"9","author":"Desai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_309","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-139X.2009.00584.x","article-title":"Beta2-microglobulin","volume":"22","author":"Drueke","year":"2009","journal-title":"Semin. Dial."},{"key":"ref_310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1928","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1997.262","article-title":"Histological prevalence of beta 2-microglobulin amyloidosis in hemodialysis: A prospective post-mortem study","volume":"51","author":"Jadoul","year":"1997","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_311","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.1998.00064.x","article-title":"Prevalence of histological beta2-microglobulin amyloidosis in capd patients compared with hemodialysis patients","volume":"54","author":"Jadoul","year":"1998","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_312","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1991.128","article-title":"Effect of dialysis membrane and patient\u2019s age on signs of dialysis-related amyloidosis. The working party on dialysis amyloidosis","volume":"39","author":"Jadoul","year":"1991","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_313","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1997.431","article-title":"Beta 2-microglobulin associated amyloidosis: A vanishing complication of long-term hemodialysis?","volume":"52","author":"Schwalbe","year":"1997","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_314","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1997.23","article-title":"Amyloid beta 2-microglobulin is modified with imidazolone, a novel advanced glycation end product, in dialysis-related amyloidosis","volume":"51","author":"Niwa","year":"1997","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1996.442","article-title":"Amyloid beta 2-microglobulin is modified with n epsilon-(carboxymethyl)lysine in dialysis-related amyloidosis","volume":"50","author":"Niwa","year":"1996","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_316","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI117002","article-title":"Involvement of beta 2-microglobulin modified with advanced glycation end products in the pathogenesis of hemodialysis-associated amyloidosis. Induction of human monocyte chemotaxis and macrophage secretion of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1","volume":"93","author":"Miyata","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_317","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.6282","article-title":"The role of conformational flexibility in beta2-microglobulin amyloid fibril formation at neutral ph","volume":"26","author":"Hodkinson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. RCM"},{"key":"ref_318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, S., Sharma, P., Arora, K., Raje, M., and Guptasarma, P. (2014). Calcium binding to beta-2-microglobulin at physiological ph drives the occurrence of conformational changes which cause the protein to precipitate into amorphous forms that subsequently transform into amyloid aggregates. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0095725"},{"key":"ref_319","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Porter, M.Y., Routledge, K.E., Radford, S.E., and Hewitt, E.W. (2011). Characterization of the response of primary cells relevant to dialysis-related amyloidosis to beta2-microglobulin monomer and fibrils. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0027353"},{"key":"ref_320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2012.301","article-title":"Plasma beta-2 microglobulin is associated with cardiovascular disease in uremic patients","volume":"82","author":"Liabeuf","year":"2012","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_321","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.02340607","article-title":"Association between serum 2-microglobulin level and infectious mortality in hemodialysis patients","volume":"3","author":"Cheung","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. CJASN"},{"key":"ref_322","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2005020132","article-title":"Serum beta-2 microglobulin levels predict mortality in dialysis patients: Results of the hemo study","volume":"17","author":"Cheung","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. JASN"},{"key":"ref_323","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1097\/MAT.0b013e3181de0842","article-title":"The impact of beta2-microglobulin clearance on the risk factors of cardiovascular disease in hemodialysis patients","volume":"56","author":"Kuragano","year":"2010","journal-title":"ASAIO J."},{"key":"ref_324","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"c237","DOI":"10.1159\/000320193","article-title":"Beta2-microglobulin, pulse pressure and metabolic alterations in hemodialysis patients","volume":"117","author":"Raikou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nephron. Clinical practice"},{"key":"ref_325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-13-0003","article-title":"Serum beta-2 microglobulin predicts mortality in people with diabetes","volume":"169","author":"Cheung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur.J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-6374(98)00019-0","article-title":"Serum beta-2 microglobulin is a marker of high bone remodelling in elderly women","volume":"102","author":"Quesada","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mech. Ageing Dev."},{"key":"ref_327","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.1996.tb02153.x","article-title":"New evidence that serum beta(2)-microglobulin behaves as a biological marker of bone remodelling in women","volume":"26","author":"Ripoll","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_328","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.683722","article-title":"Beta2-microglobulin as a biomarker in peripheral arterial disease: Proteomic profiling and clinical studies","volume":"116","author":"Wilson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_329","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1039\/C0MB00137F","article-title":"Beta2-microglobulin causes abnormal phosphatidylserine exposure in human red blood cells","volume":"7","author":"Pavone","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. BioSyst."},{"key":"ref_330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2008.100","article-title":"Beta2-microglobulin stimulates osteoclast formation","volume":"73","author":"Menaa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_331","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2600","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-10-3382","article-title":"Beta2-microglobulin induces epithelial to mesenchymal transition and confers cancer lethality and bone metastasis in human cancer cells","volume":"71","author":"Josson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_332","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfn623","article-title":"Beta2-microglobulin is potentially neurotoxic, but the blood brain barrier is likely to protect the brain from its toxicity","volume":"24","author":"Giorgetti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_333","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3898","article-title":"Beta2-microglobulin is a systemic pro-aging factor that impairs cognitive function and neurogenesis","volume":"21","author":"Smith","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_334","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2013.07.002","article-title":"Uremia-related oxidative stress in leukocytes is not triggered by beta2-microglobulin","volume":"23","author":"Neirynck","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Ren. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neirynck, N., Eloot, S., Glorieux, G., Barreto, D.V., Barreto, F.C., Liabeuf, S., Lenglet, A., Lemke, H.D., Massy, Z.A., and Vanholder, R. (2012). Estimated glomerular filtration rate is a poor predictor of the concentration of middle molecular weight uremic solutes in chronic kidney disease. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0044201"},{"key":"ref_336","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2344","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V11122344","article-title":"A comparison of on-line hemodiafiltration and high-flux hemodialysis: A prospective clinical study","volume":"11","author":"Ward","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. JASN"},{"key":"ref_337","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1996.441","article-title":"Effects of different membranes and dialysis technologies on patient treatment tolerance and nutritional parameters. The italian cooperative dialysis study group","volume":"50","author":"Locatelli","year":"1996","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_338","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2008060590","article-title":"Effect of membrane permeability on survival of hemodialysis patients","volume":"20","author":"Locatelli","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. JASN"},{"key":"ref_339","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1053\/ajkd.2002.34918","article-title":"Osteocalcin and myoglobin removal in on-line hemodiafiltration versus low- and high-flux hemodialysis","volume":"40","author":"Maduell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfn522","article-title":"Effective removal of protein-bound uraemic solutes by different convective strategies: A prospective trial","volume":"24","author":"Meert","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_341","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1594.2010.01005.x","article-title":"Prospective evaluation of the change of predialysis protein-bound uremic solute concentration with postdilution online hemodiafiltration","volume":"34","author":"Meert","year":"2010","journal-title":"Artif. Organs"},{"key":"ref_342","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5002750","article-title":"Impact of hemodialysis duration on the removal of uremic retention solutes","volume":"73","author":"Eloot","year":"2008","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_343","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/15.1.58","article-title":"Beta(2)-microglobulin kinetics in nocturnal haemodialysis","volume":"15","author":"Raj","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_344","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1983.tb02875.x","article-title":"Plasma immunoreactive beta-endorphin is elevated in uraemia","volume":"18","author":"Aronin","year":"1983","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)04176-1","article-title":"Randomised crossover trial of naltrexone in uraemic pruritus","volume":"348","author":"Peer","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_346","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2013.454","article-title":"Uremic pruritus","volume":"87","author":"Mettang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_347","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/13.1.231","article-title":"Uraemic pruritus is not related to beta-endorphin serum levels in haemodialysis patients","volume":"13","author":"Mettang","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_348","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI110311","article-title":"Effects of beta-lipotropin and beta-lipotropin-derived peptides on aldosterone production in the rat adrenal gland","volume":"68","author":"Matsuoka","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_349","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0894-0959.2004.16086.x","article-title":"Eating behavior disorders in uremia: A question of balance in appetite regulation","volume":"17","author":"Aguilera","year":"2004","journal-title":"Semin. Dial."},{"key":"ref_350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2007.10.022","article-title":"Appetite disorders in uremia","volume":"18","author":"Carrero","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Ren. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_351","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfg471","article-title":"Cholecystokinin and leptin: Their influence upon the eating behaviour and nutrient intake of dialysis patients","volume":"19","author":"Wright","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_352","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/13.6.1476","article-title":"Anorexigen (tnf-alpha, cholecystokinin) and orexigen (neuropeptide y) plasma levels in peritoneal dialysis (pd) patients: Their relationship with nutritional parameters","volume":"13","author":"Aguilera","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_353","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S271","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2001.59780271.x","article-title":"Complement components as uremic toxins and their potential role as mediators of microinflammation","volume":"78","author":"Deppisch","year":"2001","journal-title":"Kidney Int. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_354","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1988.214","article-title":"Metabolism of complement factor d in renal failure","volume":"34","author":"Pascual","year":"1988","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1159\/000170215","article-title":"Significant reduction of factor d and immunosuppressive complement fragment ba by hemofiltration","volume":"13","author":"Kaiser","year":"1995","journal-title":"Blood Purif."},{"key":"ref_356","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1993.127","article-title":"Adsorption of complement factor d by polyacrylonitrile dialysis membranes","volume":"43","author":"Pascual","year":"1993","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_357","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1991.298","article-title":"Elevated plasma levels of the immunosuppressive complement fragment ba in renal failure","volume":"40","author":"Oppermann","year":"1991","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_358","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-147-1-200707030-00004","article-title":"Cystatin c as a risk factor for outcomes in chronic kidney disease","volume":"147","author":"Menon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Int. Med."},{"key":"ref_359","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.112.966960","article-title":"Cystatin c identifies patients with stable chronic heart failure at increased risk for adverse cardiovascular events","volume":"5","author":"Dupont","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circ. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-145-4-200608150-00003","article-title":"Cystatin c and prognosis for cardiovascular and kidney outcomes in elderly persons without chronic kidney disease","volume":"145","author":"Shlipak","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Int. Med."},{"key":"ref_361","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2004.00517.x","article-title":"Factors influencing serum cystatin c levels other than renal function and the impact on renal function measurement","volume":"65","author":"Knight","year":"2004","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_362","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2008.638","article-title":"Factors other than glomerular filtration rate affect serum cystatin c levels","volume":"75","author":"Stevens","year":"2009","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_363","first-page":"752792","article-title":"The predictive value of cystatin c in monitoring of b non-hodgkin lymphomas: Relation to biochemical and clinical parameters","volume":"2013","author":"Softic","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISRN Oncol."},{"key":"ref_364","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2010-1291","article-title":"Cystatin c protects neuronal cells from amyloid-beta-induced toxicity","volume":"19","author":"Tizon","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis. JAD"},{"key":"ref_365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1990.tb12047.x","article-title":"Reactivity and sensitivity of mesenteric vascular beds and aortic rings of spontaneously hypertensive rats to endothelin: Effects of calcium entry blockers","volume":"100","author":"Criscione","year":"1990","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_366","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(89)92631-7","article-title":"Plasma endothelin levels in patients with uraemia","volume":"1","author":"Koyama","year":"1989","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_367","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c100039","article-title":"Physiology of endothelin and the kidney","volume":"1","author":"Kohan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_368","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1159\/000328704","article-title":"Endothelin antagonism in patients with nondiabetic chronic kidney disease","volume":"172","author":"Dhaun","year":"2011","journal-title":"Contrib. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_369","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-200108000-00017","article-title":"Blood pressure-independent effect of angiotensin at1 receptor blockade on renal endothelin-1 production in hypertensive uremic rats","volume":"19","author":"Dumont","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S165","DOI":"10.1097\/01.fjc.0000166245.28368.ae","article-title":"Influence of endothelin receptor antagonism on smooth muscle cell proliferation after chronic renal failure","volume":"44","author":"Sauter","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_371","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1702","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V1191702","article-title":"Endothelin a receptor blockade prevents capillary\/myocyte mismatch in the heart of uremic animals","volume":"11","author":"Amann","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. JASN"},{"key":"ref_372","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.167486","article-title":"Selective endothelin-a receptor antagonism reduces proteinuria, blood pressure, and arterial stiffness in chronic proteinuric kidney disease","volume":"57","author":"Dhaun","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_373","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2012040355","article-title":"Endothelin-a receptor antagonism modifies cardiovascular risk factors in ckd","volume":"24","author":"Dhaun","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. JASN"},{"key":"ref_374","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.12064","article-title":"Endothelin antagonists for diabetic and non-diabetic chronic kidney disease","volume":"76","author":"Kohan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i69","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gft339","article-title":"Endothelin antagonism for patients with chronic kidney disease: Still a hope for the future","volume":"29","author":"Schneider","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_376","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuczera, P., Adamczak, M., and Wiecek, A. (2016). Fibroblast growth factor-23-a potential uremic toxin. Toxins, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins8120369"},{"key":"ref_377","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfg559","article-title":"Associations between plasma ghrelin levels and body composition in end-stage renal disease: A longitudinal study","volume":"19","author":"Heimburger","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_378","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2748","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASN.0000032420.12455.74","article-title":"Plasma ghrelin and desacyl ghrelin concentrations in renal failure","volume":"13","author":"Yoshimoto","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. JASN"},{"key":"ref_379","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2877","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2005.00761.x","article-title":"Acute plasma ghrelin and leptin responses to oral feeding or intraperitoneal hypertonic glucose-based dialysate in patients with chronic renal failure","volume":"68","author":"Cordido","year":"2005","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2095","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfh313","article-title":"Plasma ghrelin levels in patients undergoing haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis","volume":"19","author":"Cordido","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_381","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2006.00270.x","article-title":"The role of leptin and ghrelin in the regulation of food intake and body weight in humans: A review","volume":"8","author":"Klok","year":"2007","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_382","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3142","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.53.12.3142","article-title":"Endogenous ghrelin in pancreatic islets restricts insulin release by attenuating ca2+ signaling in beta-cells: Implication in the glycemic control in rodents","volume":"53","author":"Dezaki","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_383","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3935","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-2527","article-title":"Relationships between desacylated and acylated ghrelin and insulin sensitivity in the metabolic syndrome","volume":"92","author":"Barazzoni","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_384","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E228","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00115.2004","article-title":"Ghrelin regulates mitochondrial-lipid metabolism gene expression and tissue fat distribution in liver and skeletal muscle","volume":"288","author":"Barazzoni","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metabol."},{"key":"ref_385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1159\/000054680","article-title":"A role of ghrelin in neuroendocrine and behavioral responses to stress in mice","volume":"74","author":"Asakawa","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_386","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4908","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.85.12.7167","article-title":"Ghrelin strongly stimulates growth hormone release in humans","volume":"85","author":"Takaya","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_387","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2013.187","article-title":"Intrarenal ghrelin receptors regulate enac-dependent sodium reabsorption by a camp-dependent pathway","volume":"84","author":"Kemp","year":"2013","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_388","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.166413","article-title":"Intrarenal ghrelin infusion stimulates distal nephron-dependent sodium reabsorption in normal rats","volume":"57","author":"Kemp","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_389","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5854","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.12.8115","article-title":"Hemodynamic, renal, and hormonal effects of ghrelin infusion in patients with chronic heart failure","volume":"86","author":"Nagaya","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2010.487","article-title":"Protein-energy wasting modifies the association of ghrelin with inflammation, leptin, and mortality in hemodialysis patients","volume":"79","author":"Carrero","year":"2011","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_391","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2004.038737","article-title":"Stomach regulates energy balance via acylated ghrelin and desacyl ghrelin","volume":"54","author":"Asakawa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_392","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1159\/000103798","article-title":"Anorexia in hemodialysis patients: The possible role of des-acyl ghrelin","volume":"27","author":"Muscaritoli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_393","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2295","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-010-1588-9","article-title":"Alterations in appetite-regulating hormones influence protein-energy wasting in pediatric patients with chronic kidney disease","volume":"25","author":"Buscher","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_394","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1092722","article-title":"Effect of glucagon and glomerulopressin on the renal function of the dog","volume":"11","author":"Uranga","year":"1979","journal-title":"Horm. Metab. Res. Horm. Stoffwechs. Horm. Et Metabol."},{"key":"ref_395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2177","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.125.5.2177","article-title":"Immunoglobulin synthesis by neoplastic b lymphocytes: Free light chain synthesis as a marker of b cell differentiation","volume":"125","author":"Gordon","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_396","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2014.01.028","article-title":"Serum polyclonal immunoglobulin free light chain levels predict mortality in people with chronic kidney disease","volume":"89","author":"Hutchison","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_397","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/17.5.879","article-title":"Effect of dialysis on serum\/plasma levels of free immunoglobulin light chains in end-stage renal disease patients","volume":"17","author":"Cohen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_398","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.3410\/M5-4","article-title":"Polyclonal free light chains: A biomarker of inflammatory disease or treatment target?","volume":"5","author":"Brebner","year":"2013","journal-title":"F1000 Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_399","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2011.03.007","article-title":"Free immunoglobulin light chain: Its biology and implications in diseases","volume":"412","author":"Nakano","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta Int. J. Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V661592","article-title":"Effect of immunoglobulin light chains from hemodialysis and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients on polymorphonuclear leukocyte functions","volume":"6","author":"Cohen","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. JASN"},{"key":"ref_401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.2004.01418.x","article-title":"Retinol binding protein isolated from acute renal failure patients inhibits polymorphonuclear leucocyte functions","volume":"34","author":"Cohen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_402","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F562","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.2001.280.4.F562","article-title":"Megalin and cubilin: Synergistic endocytic receptors in renal proximal tubule","volume":"280","author":"Christensen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Ren. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_403","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.126.2.207","article-title":"The role of the kidney in the catabolism of bence jones proteins and immunoglobulin fragments","volume":"126","author":"Wochner","year":"1967","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_404","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1979.128","article-title":"Renal filtration, transport, and metabolism of low-molecular-weight proteins: A review","volume":"16","author":"Maack","year":"1979","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1988.80","article-title":"Morphologic alterations of the proximal tubules in light chain-related renal disease","volume":"33","author":"Sanders","year":"1988","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_406","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2011.168","article-title":"The pathogenesis and diagnosis of acute kidney injury in multiple myeloma","volume":"8","author":"Hutchison","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_407","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2005.048017","article-title":"Serum free light chain measurements move to center stage","volume":"51","author":"Bradwell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_408","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2143(97)90142-6","article-title":"Differential glycosylation of bence jones protein and kidney impairment in patients with plasma cell dyscrasia","volume":"129","author":"Kagimoto","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Lab. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_409","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2058","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins5112058","article-title":"Association between free light chain levels, and disease progression and mortality in chronic kidney disease","volume":"5","author":"Desjardins","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref_410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Donati, G., Moretti, M.I., Baraldi, O., Spazzoli, A., Capelli, I., Comai, G., Marchetti, A., Sarma, M., Mancini, R., and La Manna, G. (2016). Removal of free light chains in hemodialysis patients without multiple myeloma: A crossover comparison of three different dialyzers. BMC Nephrol., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-016-0405-5"},{"key":"ref_411","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2006080821","article-title":"Efficient removal of immunoglobulin free light chains by hemodialysis for multiple myeloma: In vitro and in vivo studies","volume":"18","author":"Hutchison","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. JASN"},{"key":"ref_412","first-page":"165","article-title":"Performance of hemodialysis with novel medium cut-off dialyzers","volume":"32","author":"Kirsch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_413","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Florens, N., Calzada, C., Lyasko, E., Juillard, L., and Soulage, C.O. (2016). Modified lipids and lipoproteins in chronic kidney disease: A new class of uremic toxins. Toxins, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins8120376"},{"key":"ref_414","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2014.06.024","article-title":"Leptin as an uremic toxin: Deleterious role of leptin in chronic kidney disease","volume":"105","author":"Alix","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.143.3.631","article-title":"Factors regulating macrophage production and growth: Identity of colony-stimulating factor and macrophage growth factor","volume":"143","author":"Stanley","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_416","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V66.3.738.738","article-title":"Correlation between the stimulation of human neutrophil function by monoclonal antibody and by colony-stimulating factor","volume":"66","author":"Vadas","year":"1985","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_417","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1038\/314361a0","article-title":"Human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor is a neutrophil activator","volume":"314","author":"Weisbart","year":"1985","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_418","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2281","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.137.7.2281","article-title":"Macrophage growth factor csf-1 stimulates human monocyte production of interferon, tumor necrosis factor, and colony stimulating activity","volume":"137","author":"Warren","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_419","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2356","article-title":"Colony-stimulating factors in inflammation and autoimmunity","volume":"8","author":"Hamilton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1996.402","article-title":"Macrophage colony stimulating factor involvement in uremic patients","volume":"50","author":"Fixe","year":"1996","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-4889(99)00127-5","article-title":"Effects of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (m-csf) on protease production from monocyte, macrophage and foam cell in vitro: A possible mechanism for anti-atherosclerotic effect of m-csf","volume":"1452","author":"Tojo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc2843","article-title":"The colony-stimulating factors and cancer","volume":"10","author":"Metcalf","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.05.037","article-title":"Colony-stimulating factor-1 promotes kidney growth and repair via alteration of macrophage responses","volume":"179","author":"Alikhan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_424","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2893.1999.00180.x","article-title":"Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor enhances the efficacy of hepatitis b virus vaccine in previously unvaccinated haemodialysis patients","volume":"6","author":"Kapoor","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Viral Hepat."},{"key":"ref_425","first-page":"219","article-title":"Plasma met-enkephalin and leu-enkephalin in chronic renal failure","volume":"1","author":"Zoccali","year":"1987","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_426","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2017.52","article-title":"The systemic nature of ckd","volume":"13","author":"Zoccali","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1038\/266556a0","article-title":"Enkephalin may mediate euphoria and drive-reduction reward","volume":"266","author":"Belluzzi","year":"1977","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_428","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5512","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.77.9.5512","article-title":"Analgesic activity of the naturally occurring heptapeptide [met]enkephalin-arg6-phe7","volume":"77","author":"Inturrisi","year":"1980","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_429","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1038\/274281a0","article-title":"Met-enkephalin inhibits in vitro dopamine-induced lhrh release from mediobasal hypothalamus of male rats","volume":"274","author":"Rotsztejn","year":"1978","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)23478-4","article-title":"Suppression of renal nerve activity by methionine enkephalin in anesthetized rabbits","volume":"234","author":"Rhee","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_431","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1988.tb08440.x","article-title":"Somatostatin and methionine-enkephalin inhibit cholera toxin-induced jejunal net fluid secretion and release of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in the cat in vivo","volume":"133","author":"Eklund","year":"1988","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_432","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.51.4.597","article-title":"Neuropeptide y treatment and food deprivation increase cyclic amp response element-binding in rat hypothalamus","volume":"51","author":"Sheriff","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_433","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E47","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00163.2004","article-title":"Hormonal responses to fasting and refeeding in chronic renal failure patients","volume":"288","author":"Deshmukh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metabol."},{"key":"ref_434","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/0196-9781(94)00206-L","article-title":"Circulating neuropeptide y in plasma from uremic patients consists of multiple peptide fragments","volume":"16","author":"Hegbrant","year":"1995","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1990.63.6.1499","article-title":"Neuropeptide y reduces calcium current and inhibits acetylcholine release in nodose neurons via a pertussis toxin-sensitive mechanism","volume":"63","author":"Wiley","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_436","first-page":"F543","article-title":"Neuropeptide y inhibits renin release by a pertussis toxin-sensitive mechanism","volume":"252","author":"Hackenthal","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_437","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3429","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)61367-5","article-title":"Neuropeptide y inhibits cardiac adenylate cyclase through a pertussis toxin-sensitive g protein","volume":"262","author":"Kassis","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_438","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E55","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00438.2010","article-title":"Hormonal regulation of energy-protein homeostasis in hemodialysis patients: An anorexigenic profile that may predispose to adverse cardiovascular outcomes","volume":"300","author":"Suneja","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metabol."},{"key":"ref_439","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2611","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASN.0000089026.28617.33","article-title":"Prospective study of neuropeptide y as an adverse cardiovascular risk factor in end-stage renal disease","volume":"14","author":"Zoccali","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. JASN"},{"key":"ref_440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2014.06.015","article-title":"Concurrent and robust regulation of feeding behaviors and metabolism by orexin neurons","volume":"85","author":"Inutsuka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_441","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1007\/s10157-015-1150-y","article-title":"Messenger rna expression profile of sleep-related genes in peripheral blood cells in patients with chronic kidney disease","volume":"20","author":"Kitajima","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_442","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-013-0035-8","article-title":"Orexin a-mediated stimulation of 3beta-hsd expression and testosterone production through mapk signaling pathways in primary rat leydig cells","volume":"37","author":"Zheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Investig."},{"key":"ref_443","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2012.10.021","article-title":"Orexin a regulates cardiovascular responses in stress-induced hypertensive rats","volume":"67","author":"Xiao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_444","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2013.147","article-title":"Fgf-23 and secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic kidney disease","volume":"9","author":"Silver","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2014.02.007","article-title":"Laboratory abnormalities in ckd-mbd: Markers, predictors, or mediators of disease?","volume":"34","author":"Evenepoel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_446","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1948","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfq219","article-title":"Serum ipth, calcium and phosphate, and the risk of mortality in a european haemodialysis population","volume":"26","author":"Floege","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_447","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.09580911","article-title":"Pth--a particularly tricky hormone: Why measure it at all in kidney patients?","volume":"8","author":"Garrett","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. CJASN"},{"key":"ref_448","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfq725","article-title":"The advance study: A randomized study to evaluate the effects of cinacalcet plus low-dose vitamin d on vascular calcification in patients on hemodialysis","volume":"26","author":"Raggi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_449","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2482","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1205624","article-title":"Effect of cinacalcet on cardiovascular disease in patients undergoing dialysis","volume":"367","author":"Investigators","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.013876","article-title":"Cinacalcet, fibroblast growth factor-23, and cardiovascular disease in hemodialysis: The evaluation of cinacalcet hcl therapy to lower cardiovascular events (evolve) trial","volume":"132","author":"Moe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_451","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1159\/000346791","article-title":"Parathyroid function in chronic kidney disease: Role of fgf23-klotho axis","volume":"180","author":"Koizumi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Contrib. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_452","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2543","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI61405","article-title":"Fgf23 neutralization improves chronic kidney disease-associated hyperparathyroidism yet increases mortality","volume":"122","author":"Shalhoub","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_453","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-013-9879-0","article-title":"Biology of human pentraxin 3 (ptx3) in acute and chronic kidney disease","volume":"33","author":"Speeckaert","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_454","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfs448","article-title":"Pentraxins in nephrology: C-reactive protein, serum amyloid p and pentraxin-3","volume":"28","author":"Lech","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.00870207","article-title":"Plasma pentraxin 3 in patients with chronic kidney disease: Associations with renal function, protein-energy wasting, cardiovascular disease, and mortality","volume":"2","author":"Tong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. CJASN"},{"key":"ref_456","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2224","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfl747","article-title":"Pentraxin 3 is elevated in haemodialysis patients and is associated with cardiovascular disease","volume":"22","author":"Boehme","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_457","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcn019","article-title":"The long pentraxin ptx-3 in prevalent hemodialysis patients: Associations with comorbidities and mortality","volume":"101","author":"Suliman","year":"2008","journal-title":"QJM Mon. J. Assoc. Physicians"},{"key":"ref_458","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1159\/000453159","article-title":"Pentraxin 3 activates jnk signaling and regulates the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in renal fibrosis","volume":"40","author":"Hung","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell. Physiol. Biochem. Int. J. Exp. Cell. Physiol. Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_459","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1002\/path.2314","article-title":"Expression of pentraxin 3 (ptx3) in human atherosclerotic lesions","volume":"215","author":"Savchenko","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.09231010","article-title":"Soluble tweak and ptx3 in nondialysis ckd patients: Impact on endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular outcomes","volume":"6","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. CJASN"},{"key":"ref_461","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e007123","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-007123","article-title":"Associations between pentraxin 3 and severity of coronary artery disease","volume":"5","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_462","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12411","article-title":"Association between levels of pentraxin 3 and incidence of chronic kidney disease in the elderly","volume":"279","author":"Sjoberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Int. Med."},{"key":"ref_463","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.04330808","article-title":"Effect of renin angiotensin system blockade on pentraxin 3 levels in type-2 diabetic patients with proteinuria","volume":"4","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. CJASN"},{"key":"ref_464","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.01110210","article-title":"Combined therapy with renin-angiotensin system and calcium channel blockers in type 2 diabetic hypertensive patients with proteinuria: Effects on soluble tweak, ptx3, and flow-mediated dilation","volume":"5","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. CJASN"},{"key":"ref_465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-015-0151-z","article-title":"Pentraxin-3 attenuates renal damage in diabetic nephropathy by promoting m2 macrophage differentiation","volume":"38","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"ref_466","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.806547","article-title":"Deficiency of the long pentraxin ptx3 promotes vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis","volume":"120","author":"Norata","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_467","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2785","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.02320311","article-title":"Inverse relationship between the inflammatory marker pentraxin-3, fat body mass, and abdominal obesity in end-stage renal disease","volume":"6","author":"Miyamoto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. CJASN"},{"key":"ref_468","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Witasp, A., Ryden, M., Carrero, J.J., Qureshi, A.R., Nordfors, L., Naslund, E., Hammarqvist, F., Arefin, S., Kublickiene, K., and Stenvinkel, P. (2013). Elevated circulating levels and tissue expression of pentraxin 3 in uremia: A reflection of endothelial dysfunction. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0063493"},{"key":"ref_469","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa030204","article-title":"Inhibition of food intake in obese subjects by peptide yy3\u201336","volume":"349","author":"Batterham","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1038\/nature00887","article-title":"Gut hormone pyy(3\u201336) physiologically inhibits food intake","volume":"418","author":"Batterham","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_471","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(91)90257-L","article-title":"Mechanism of action of peptide yy to inhibit gastric motility","volume":"100","author":"Wiley","year":"1991","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_472","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3696","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfn297","article-title":"Short-term regulation of peptide yy secretion by a mixed meal or peritoneal glucose-based dialysate in patients with chronic renal failure","volume":"23","author":"Cordido","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_473","first-page":"F754","article-title":"Effect of peptide yy on human renal function","volume":"268","author":"Playford","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_474","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.04.047","article-title":"Selective ablation of peptide yy cells in adult mice reveals their role in beta cell survival","volume":"143","author":"Sam","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2013.03.001","article-title":"Peripheral activation of the y2-receptor promotes secretion of glp-1 and improves glucose tolerance","volume":"2","author":"Chandarana","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Metabol."},{"key":"ref_476","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.06840711","article-title":"Prolactin levels, endothelial dysfunction, and the risk of cardiovascular events and mortality in patients with ckd","volume":"7","author":"Carrero","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. CJASN"},{"key":"ref_477","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(85)80181-5","article-title":"Hyperprolactinemia in patients with renal insufficiency and chronic renal failure requiring hemodialysis or chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis","volume":"6","author":"Hou","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_478","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1978.tb02206.x","article-title":"Hyperprolactinaemia in renal disease","volume":"9","author":"Cowden","year":"1978","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_479","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(80)90296-X","article-title":"Endocrine abnormalities in patients undergoing long-term hemodialysis. The role of prolactin","volume":"68","author":"Gomez","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.2000.80.4.1523","article-title":"Prolactin: Structure, function, and regulation of secretion","volume":"80","author":"Freeman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_481","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V1061381","article-title":"Sexual dysfunction in uremia","volume":"10","author":"Palmer","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. JASN"},{"key":"ref_482","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2004-825727","article-title":"Differences in platelet activation by prolactin and leptin","volume":"36","author":"Wallaschofski","year":"2004","journal-title":"Horm. Metab. Res. Horm. Stoffwechs. Horm. Et Metabol."},{"key":"ref_483","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2010.01076.x","article-title":"Prolactin levels independently predict major cardiovascular events in patients with erectile dysfunction","volume":"34","author":"Corona","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Androl."},{"key":"ref_484","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3480481","article-title":"Retinoid-binding proteins: Mediators of retinoid action","volume":"348","author":"Noy","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_485","first-page":"107","article-title":"Serum levels of vitamin a and retinol binding protein in chronic renal patients treated by continuous ambulatorial peritoneal dialysis","volume":"62","author":"Vannucchi","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res. Int. Z. Fur Vitam. Ernahrungsforschung. J. Int. Vitaminol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_486","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2426","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI106741","article-title":"The effects of diseases of the liver, thyroid, and kidneys on the transport of vitamin a in human plasma","volume":"50","author":"Smith","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_487","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-511X-7-29","article-title":"Isoforms of retinol binding protein 4 (rbp4) are increased in chronic diseases of the kidney but not of the liver","volume":"7","author":"Frey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_488","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1159\/000176534","article-title":"Serum retinol-binding protein concentration and its association with components of the uremic metabolic syndrome in nondiabetic patients with chronic kidney disease stage 5","volume":"29","author":"Axelsson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_489","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1994.221","article-title":"Determinants of the serum concentrations of low molecular weight proteins in patients on maintenance hemodialysis","volume":"45","author":"Kabanda","year":"1994","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1016\/S0731-7085(00)00550-1","article-title":"Cystatin c, beta 2-microglobulin, and retinol-binding protein as indicators of glomerular filtration rate: Comparison with plasma creatinine","volume":"24","author":"Donadio","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biol. Anal."},{"key":"ref_491","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9694","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.301721","article-title":"Increased unbound retinol-binding protein 4 concentration induces apoptosis through receptor-mediated signaling","volume":"287","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_492","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5103","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.00820-12","article-title":"Retinol-binding protein 4 induces inflammation in human endothelial cells by an nadph oxidase- and nuclear factor kappa b-dependent and retinol-independent mechanism","volume":"32","author":"Farjo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_493","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2009.02.029","article-title":"Circulating retinol-binding protein 4, cardiovascular risk factors and prevalent cardiovascular disease in elderly","volume":"206","author":"Ingelsson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_494","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2010.07.063","article-title":"Relation between retinol, retinol-binding protein 4, transthyretin and carotid intima media thickness","volume":"213","author":"Bobbert","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1930","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-007-0743-8","article-title":"Retinol-binding protein 4 is associated with components of the metabolic syndrome, but not with insulin resistance, in men with type 2 diabetes or coronary artery disease","volume":"50","author":"Lepper","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_496","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1177\/0009922812459948","article-title":"The association of retinol-binding protein 4 with metabolic syndrome and obesity in adolescents: The effects of gender and sex hormones","volume":"52","author":"Lin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_497","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4827","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-1219","article-title":"Elevated retinol-binding protein 4 levels are associated with metabolic syndrome in chinese people","volume":"92","author":"Qi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_498","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.EJ11-0028","article-title":"Elevated serum retinol-binding protein 4 concentrations are associated with chronic kidney disease but not with the higher carotid intima-media thickness in type 2 diabetic subjects","volume":"58","author":"Chu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endocr. J."},{"key":"ref_499","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Domingos, M.A., Moreira, S.R., Gomez, L., Goulart, A., Lotufo, P.A., Bensenor, I., and Titan, S. (2016). Urinary retinol-binding protein: Relationship to renal function and cardiovascular risk factors in chronic kidney disease. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0162782"},{"key":"ref_500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/s13550-014-0059-x","article-title":"Evaluation of retinol binding protein 4 and carbamoylated haemoglobin as potential renal toxicity biomarkers in adult mice treated with (177)lu-octreotate","volume":"4","author":"Dalmo","year":"2014","journal-title":"EJNMMI Res."},{"key":"ref_501","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3381","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfm210","article-title":"Review on uraemic toxins iii: Recommendations for handling uraemic retention solutes in vitro\u2014Towards a standardized approach for research on uraemia","volume":"22","author":"Cohen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_502","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.05240515","article-title":"Synbiotics easing renal failure by improving gut microbiology (synergy): A randomized trial","volume":"11","author":"Rossi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. CJASN"},{"key":"ref_503","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2011.213","article-title":"The effects of frequent nocturnal home hemodialysis: The frequent hemodialysis network nocturnal trial","volume":"80","author":"Rocco","year":"2011","journal-title":"Kidney Int."}],"container-title":["Toxins"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6651\/10\/1\/33\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T14:50:30Z","timestamp":1760194230000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6651\/10\/1\/33"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,8]]},"references-count":503,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]}},"alternative-id":["toxins10010033"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxins10010033","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6651"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6651","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,8]]}}}