{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T04:04:57Z","timestamp":1780718697710,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,8]],"date-time":"2018-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1515369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013704","name":"CONACYT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["247437"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["247437"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013704","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013704","name":"CONACYT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["221343"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["221343"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013704","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DUE 1161228"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DUE 1161228"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rattlesnake venoms may be classified according to the presence\/absence and relative abundance of the neurotoxic phospholipases A     2    s (PLA     2    s), such as Mojave toxin, and snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs). In Mexico, studies to determine venom variation in Mojave Rattlesnakes (Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus) are limited and little is known about the biological and proteolytic activities in this species. Tissue (34) and venom (29) samples were obtained from C. s. scutulatus from different locations within their distribution in Mexico. Mojave toxin detection was carried out at the genomic (by PCR) and protein (by ELISA) levels for all tissue and venom samples. Biological activity was tested on representative venoms by measuring LD     50     and hemorrhagic activity. To determine the approximate amount of SVMPs, 15 venoms were separated by RP-HPLC and variation in protein profile and proteolytic activity was evaluated by SDS-PAGE (n = 28) and Hide Powder Azure proteolytic analysis (n = 27). Three types of venom were identified in Mexico which is comparable to the intraspecific venom diversity observed in the Sonoran Desert of Arizona, USA: Venom Type A (\u223cType II), with Mojave toxin, highly toxic, lacking hemorrhagic activity, and with scarce proteolytic activity; Type B (\u223cType I), without Mojave toxin, less toxic than Type A, highly hemorrhagic and proteolytic; and Type A + B, containing Mojave toxin, as toxic as venom Type A, variable in hemorrhagic activity and with intermediate proteolytic activity. We also detected a positive correlation between SVMP abundance and hemorrhagic and proteolytic activities. Although more sampling is necessary, our results suggest that venoms containing Mojave toxin and venom lacking this toxin are distributed in the northwest and southeast portions of the distribution in Mexico, respectively, while an intergradation in the middle of both zones is present.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins10010035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,8]],"date-time":"2018-01-08T12:26:02Z","timestamp":1515414362000},"page":"35","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Biological and Proteolytic Variation in the Venom of Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus from Mexico"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Miguel","family":"Borja","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universdad Ju\u00e1rez del Estado de Durango, Av. Universidad s\/n. Fracc. Filadelfia, C.P. 35010 G\u00f3mez Palacio, Dgo., Mexico"},{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Ju\u00e1rez del Estado de Durango, Av. Art\u00edculo 123 s\/n. Fracc. Filadelfia, Apartado Postal No. 51, C.P. 35010 G\u00f3mez Palacio, Dgo., Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edgar","family":"Neri-Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biotecnolog\u00eda, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de Mexico, Avenida Universidad 2001, Chamilpa, C.P. 62210 Cuernavaca, Mor., Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gamaliel","family":"Casta\u00f1eda-Gayt\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universdad Ju\u00e1rez del Estado de Durango, Av. Universidad s\/n. Fracc. Filadelfia, C.P. 35010 G\u00f3mez Palacio, Dgo., Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1927-7259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason","family":"Strickland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Blvd., Orlando, FL 32816, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2020-6992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher","family":"Parkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, Clemson University, 190 Collings St., Clemson, SC 29634, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Casta\u00f1eda-Gayt\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universdad Ju\u00e1rez del Estado de Durango, Av. Universidad s\/n. Fracc. Filadelfia, C.P. 35010 G\u00f3mez Palacio, Dgo., Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Ponce-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biotecnolog\u00eda, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de Mexico, Avenida Universidad 2001, Chamilpa, C.P. 62210 Cuernavaca, Mor., Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2419-6469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Lomonte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiolog\u00eda, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jos\u00e9 11501, Costa Rica"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Olvera-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biotecnolog\u00eda, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de Mexico, Avenida Universidad 2001, Chamilpa, C.P. 62210 Cuernavaca, Mor., Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Alag\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biotecnolog\u00eda, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de Mexico, Avenida Universidad 2001, Chamilpa, C.P. 62210 Cuernavaca, Mor., Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebeca","family":"P\u00e9rez-Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Ju\u00e1rez del Estado de Durango, Av. Art\u00edculo 123 s\/n. Fracc. Filadelfia, Apartado Postal No. 51, C.P. 35010 G\u00f3mez Palacio, Dgo., Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4544","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2011.08115.x","article-title":"Enzymatic toxins from snake venom: Structural characterization and mechanism of catalysis","volume":"278","author":"Kang","year":"2011","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Hayes, W.K., Beaman, K.R., Cardwell, M.D., and Bush, S.P. (2008). Venom composition in rattlesnakes: Trends and biological significance. 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