{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T15:47:08Z","timestamp":1772552828136,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,17]],"date-time":"2018-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1518825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Colombian rattlesnake Crotalus durissus cumanensis is distributed in three geographic zones of the country: the Atlantic Coast, the upper valley of the Magdalena River, and the eastern plains of the Colombian Orinoqu\u00eda. Its venom induces neurological symptoms, such as eyelid ptosis, myasthenic facies, and paralysis of the respiratory muscles, which can lead to death. Identification and analysis of C. d. cumanensis showed nine groups of proteins responsible for the neurotoxic effect, of which the crotoxin complex was the most abundant (64.71%). Immunorecognition tests of C. d. cumanensis showed that the use of a commercial antivenom manufactured in Mexico resulted in immunoreactivity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins10020085","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,20]],"date-time":"2018-02-20T03:54:22Z","timestamp":1519098862000},"page":"85","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Characterization of the Venom of C. d. cumanesis of Colombia: Proteomic Analysis and Antivenomic Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7923-9158","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Carlos","family":"Quintana-Castillo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Sede Medell\u00edn, Street 50 A N\u00b0 41-20, Medell\u00edn 050010, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leidy Johana","family":"Vargas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Sede Medell\u00edn, Street 50 A N\u00b0 41-20, Medell\u00edn 050010, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9979-8416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cesar","family":"Segura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaria Group, School of Medicine, University of Antioquia UdeA, Street 70 N\u00b0 52-21, Medell\u00edn 050010, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7326-5873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebasti\u00e1n","family":"Estrada-G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophidism\/Scorpionism Program, Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty, University of Antioquia UdeA, Street 70 N\u00b0 52-21, Medell\u00edn 050010, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julio C\u00e9sar","family":"Bueno-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproduction Group, School of Medicine, University of Antioquia UdeA, Street 70 N\u00b0 52-21, Medell\u00edn 050010, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan Carlos","family":"Alarc\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophidism\/Scorpionism Program, Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty, University of Antioquia UdeA, Street 70 N\u00b0 52-21, Medell\u00edn 050010, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Campbell, J.A., and Lamar, W. (2004). The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere, Cornell University Press."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Klauber, L.M. (1972). Rattlesnakes: Their Habits, Life Histories, and Influence on Mankind, Zoological Society of San Diego."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46652002000300004","article-title":"Snakebites by Crotalus durissus ssp. in children in Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil","volume":"44","author":"Bucaretchi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. S\u00e3o Paulo"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(98)00246-3","article-title":"Neutralizing capacity of antisera raised in horses and rabbits against Crotalus durissus terrificus (South American rattlesnake) venom and its main toxin, crotoxin","volume":"37","author":"Hyslop","year":"1999","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Bon, C. (1997). Multicomponent neurotoxic phospholipases A2. In Venom Phospholipase A2 Enzymes: Structure, Function and Mechanism; Wiley: Chichester, UK, 1997; pp. 269\u2013285.A2. Venom Phospholipase A2 Enzymes: Structure, Function and Mechanism, Wiley."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.01.011","article-title":"Crotoxin: Novel activities for a classic beta-neurotoxin","volume":"55","author":"Sampaio","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(85)90367-8","article-title":"Myonecrosis, myoglobinuria and acute renal failure induced by South American rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus terrificus) envenomation in Brazil","volume":"23","author":"Cupo","year":"1985","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(02)00119-8","article-title":"Determination of Crotalus durissus cascavella venom components that induce renal toxicity in isolated rat kidneys","volume":"40","author":"Martins","year":"2002","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(88)90044-2","article-title":"Clinical and laboratory features of South American rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus terrificus) envenomation in children","volume":"82","author":"Cupo","year":"1988","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2029","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(98)00112-3","article-title":"South American rattlesnake bite (Crotalus durissus sp.) without envenoming: Insights on diagnosis and treatment","volume":"36","author":"Torres","year":"1998","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46651992000400013","article-title":"[the epidemiology and clinical picture of an accidental bite by the South American rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus)]","volume":"34","author":"Jorge","year":"1992","journal-title":"Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. S\u00e3o Paulo"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2005.67122.x","article-title":"Acute renal failure after Crotalus durissus snakebite: A prospective survey on 100 patients","volume":"67","author":"Pinho","year":"2005","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"511a","article-title":"Risk factors and prevalence of acute renal failure (ARF) after Crotalus snakebite (CSB): A prospective survey on 100 consecutive patients","volume":"14","author":"Pinho","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/94.10.551","article-title":"Coagulopathy following lethal and non-lethal envenoming of humans by the South American rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus) in Brazil","volume":"94","author":"Tomy","year":"2001","journal-title":"QJM"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(98)00145-7","article-title":"Neutralization of local tissue damage induced by Bothrops asper (terciopelo) snake venom","volume":"36","author":"Gutierrez","year":"1998","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(99)00152-X","article-title":"Comparative study on the ability of IgG and Fab sheep antivenoms to neutralize local hemorrhage, edema and myonecrosis induced by Bothrops asper (terciopelo) snake venom","volume":"38","author":"Leon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Theakston, R.D.G. (1995, January 7\u20139). The Kinetics of snakebite envenoming and therapy. Proceedings of the 1st International Congress on Envenomations and their Treatments, Paris, France.","DOI":"10.1006\/biol.1995.0052"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"249","article-title":"Diet and snake venom evolution: Can local selection alone explain intraspecific venom variation?","volume":"37","author":"Sasa","year":"1999","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(03)00171-5","article-title":"Ontogenetic variability of Bothrops atrox and Bothrops asper snake venoms from Colombia","volume":"42","author":"Saldarriaga","year":"2003","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2005.11.007","article-title":"Sex-based individual variation of snake venom proteome among eighteen Bothrops jararaca siblings","volume":"47","author":"Menezes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"8","article-title":"Antivenomics of Atropoides mexicanus and Atropoides picadoi snake venoms: Relationship to the neutralization of toxic and enzymatic activities","volume":"1","author":"Antunez","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Venom. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(91)90201-2","article-title":"Biochemical and pharmacological similarities between the venoms of newborn Crotalus durissus durissus and adult Crotalus durissus terrificus rattlesnakes","volume":"29","author":"Gutierrez","year":"1991","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.12.009","article-title":"Intra-specific variation in venom of the african puff adder (bitis arietans): Differential expression and activity of snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPS)","volume":"55","author":"Currier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(95)00032-H","article-title":"Biochemical and biological properties of the venom from Russell\u2019s viper (Daboia russelli siamensis) of varying ages","volume":"33","author":"Tun","year":"1995","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(96)00139-0","article-title":"Differences in fibrinolysis and complement inactivation by venom from different northern blacktailed rattlesnakes (Crotalus molossus molossus)","volume":"35","author":"Rael","year":"1997","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(96)00112-2","article-title":"Accelerated evolution of snake venom phospholipase A2 isozymes for acquisition of diverse physiological functions","volume":"34","author":"Ogawa","year":"1996","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(96)00176-6","article-title":"Distinct bothrojaracin isoforms produced by individual jararaca (Bothrops jararaca) snakes","volume":"35","author":"Monteiro","year":"1997","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(91)90116-9","article-title":"Snake venom variability: Methods of study, results and interpretation","volume":"29","author":"Chippaux","year":"1991","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2010.06.001","article-title":"Snake venomics and antivenomics of Crotalus durissus subspecies from Brazil: Assessment of geographic variation and its implication on snakebite management","volume":"73","author":"Silva","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(98)00126-3","article-title":"Snake venoms and the hemostatic system","volume":"36","author":"Markland","year":"1998","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1021\/pr9008749","article-title":"Snake venomics of the central american rattlesnake crotalus simus and the South American Crotalus durissus complex points to neurotoxicity as an adaptive paedomorphic trend along Crotalus dispersal in South America","volume":"9","author":"Calvete","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Proteom. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"337","article-title":"Geographic and ontogenic variability in the venom of the neotropical rattlesnake Crotalus durissus: Pathophysiological and therapeutic implications","volume":"50","author":"Saravia","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rev. Biol. Trop."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1590\/S1678-91992010000200009","article-title":"Biochemical comparison of venoms from young colombian Crotalus durissus cumanensis and their parents","volume":"16","author":"Castro","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Venom. Anim. Toxins Incl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.11.017","article-title":"Comparative study of the efficacy and safety of two polyvalent, caprylic acid fractionated [IgG and F(ab\u2019)2] antivenoms, in Bothrops asper bites in Colombia","volume":"59","author":"Segura","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"365","article-title":"[evaluation of the inhibitory effect of extracts from leaves of Renealmia alpinia rottb. Maas (Zingiberaceae) on the venom of Bothrops asper (mapana)]","volume":"32","author":"Patino","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomedica"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1021\/pr700610z","article-title":"Snake venomics of central american pitvipers: Clues for rationalizing the distinct envenomation profiles of Atropoides nummifer and Atropoides picadoi","volume":"7","author":"Angulo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Proteom. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2009.01.001","article-title":"Bothrops insularis venomics: A proteomic analysis supported by transcriptomic-generated sequence data","volume":"72","author":"Valente","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2008.07.007","article-title":"Snake venomics of the brazilian pitvipers Bothrops cotiara and Bothrops fonsecai. Identification of taxonomy markers","volume":"71","author":"Tashima","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3556","DOI":"10.1021\/pr800332p","article-title":"Snake venomics of the lancehead pitviper Bothrops asper: Geographic, individual, and ontogenetic variations","volume":"7","author":"Sanz","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Proteom. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2008.12.014","article-title":"Biochemistry and toxicology of toxins purified from the venom of the snake Bothrops asper","volume":"54","author":"Angulo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2445","DOI":"10.1021\/pr8000139","article-title":"Snake venomics and antivenomics of the arboreal neotropical pitvipers Bothriechis lateralis and Bothriechis schlegelii","volume":"7","author":"Lomonte","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Proteom. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2007.10.004","article-title":"Snake venomics of the south and central american bushmasters. Comparison of the toxin composition of Lachesis muta gathered from proteomic versus transcriptomic analysis","volume":"71","author":"Sanz","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(98)00193-7","article-title":"Neutralization, by a monospecific bothrops lanceolatus antivenom, of toxic activities induced by homologous and heterologous Bothirops snake venoms","volume":"37","author":"Bogarin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(02)00104-6","article-title":"Complications of Bothrops, Porthidium, and Bothriechis snakebites in Colombia. A clinical and epidemiological study of 39 cases attended in a university hospital","volume":"40","author":"Otero","year":"2002","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2006.01.006","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of two whole IgG polyvalent antivenoms, refined by caprylic acid fractionation with or without beta-propiolactone, in the treatment of Bothrops asper bites in Colombia","volume":"100","author":"Otero","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.07.001","article-title":"Epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic aspects of Bothrops asper bites","volume":"54","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1998.58.183","article-title":"A randomized, blinded, comparative trial of one pepsin-digested and two whole IgG antivenoms for Bothrops snake bites in Uraba, Colombia. The Regional Group on Antivenom Therapy Research (REGATHER)","volume":"58","author":"Cardoso","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1021\/pr201021d","article-title":"Snake venomics of crotalus tigris: The minimalist toxin arsenal of the deadliest nearctic rattlesnake venom. Evolutionary clues for generating a pan-specific antivenom against crotalid type ii venoms [corrected]","volume":"11","author":"Calvete","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Proteom. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2012.07.003","article-title":"Antiplasmodial effect of the venom of Crotalus durissus cumanensis, crotoxin complex and crotoxin B","volume":"124","author":"Quintana","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1038\/227680a0","article-title":"Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4","volume":"227","author":"Laemmli","year":"1970","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"(2017, May 12). BLAST Search, Available online: http:\/\/blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/Blast.cgi?PAGE=Proteins."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Mascot (2017, May 12). Matrix Science Mascot Ms\/Ms Ion Search. Available online: http:\/\/www.matrixscience.com\/cgi\/search_form.pl?FORMVER=2&SEARCH=MIS."}],"container-title":["Toxins"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6651\/10\/2\/85\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T14:55:29Z","timestamp":1760194529000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6651\/10\/2\/85"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,17]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]}},"alternative-id":["toxins10020085"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxins10020085","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6651"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6651","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,17]]}}}