{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T15:24:00Z","timestamp":1778599440718,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,25]],"date-time":"2018-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1519516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Staphylococcus epidermidis is a leading cause of nosocomial infections, majorly resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics, and may transfer several mobile genetic elements among the members of its own species, as well as to Staphylococcus aureus; however, a genetic exchange from S. aureus to S. epidermidis remains controversial. We recently identified two pathogenic clinical strains of S. epidermidis that produce a staphylococcal enterotoxin C3-like (SEC) similar to that by S. aureus pathogenicity islands. This study aimed to determine the genetic environment of the SEC-coding sequence and to identify the mobile genetic elements. Whole-genome sequencing and annotation of the S. epidermidis strains were performed using Illumina technology and a bioinformatics pipeline for assembly, which provided evidence that the SEC-coding sequences were located in a composite pathogenicity island that was previously described in the S. epidermidis strain FRI909, called SePI-1\/SeCI-1, with 83.8\u201389.7% nucleotide similarity. Various other plasmids were identified, particularly p_3_95 and p_4_95, which carry antibiotic resistance genes (hsrA and dfrG, respectively), and share homologies with SAP085A and pUSA04-2-SUR11, two plasmids described in S. aureus. Eventually, one complete prophage was identified, \u03a6SE90, sharing 30 out of 52 coding sequences with the Acinetobacter phage vB_AbaM_IME200. Thus, the SePI-1\/SeCI-1 pathogenicity island was identified in two pathogenic strains of S. epidermidis that produced a SEC enterotoxin causing septic shock. These findings suggest the existence of in vivo genetic exchange from S. aureus to S. epidermidis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins10030093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,27]],"date-time":"2018-02-27T03:36:12Z","timestamp":1519702572000},"page":"93","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Comparative Genomics and Identification of an Enterotoxin-Bearing Pathogenicity Island, SEPI-1\/SECI-1, in Staphylococcus epidermidis Pathogenic Strains"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7767-5362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xavier","family":"Argemi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, H\u00f4pitaux Universitaires, Strasbourg 67000, France"},{"name":"EA 7290, Virulence Bact\u00e9rienne pr\u00e9coce, Universit\u00e9 de Strasbourg, CHRU Strasbourg, F\u00e9d\u00e9ration de M\u00e9decine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Strasbourg 67000, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chim\u00e8ne","family":"Nanoukon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facult\u00e9 des Sciences et Techniques, Laboratoire de Biologie et de Typage Mol\u00e9culaire en Microbiologie, Universit\u00e9 d\u2019Abomey, Calavi, Cotonou 05 BP 1604, Benin"},{"name":"Laboratoire de Microbiologie du Centre National Hospitalier et Universitaire Hubert Koutoukou-Maga, Cotonou, 05 BP 1604, Benin"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dissou","family":"Affolabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facult\u00e9 des Sciences et Techniques, Laboratoire de Biologie et de Typage Mol\u00e9culaire en Microbiologie, Universit\u00e9 d\u2019Abomey, Calavi, Cotonou 05 BP 1604, Benin"},{"name":"Laboratoire de Microbiologie du Centre National Hospitalier et Universitaire Hubert Koutoukou-Maga, Cotonou, 05 BP 1604, Benin"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Keller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EA 7290, Virulence Bact\u00e9rienne pr\u00e9coce, Universit\u00e9 de Strasbourg, CHRU Strasbourg, F\u00e9d\u00e9ration de M\u00e9decine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Strasbourg 67000, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8903-0027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yves","family":"Hansmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, H\u00f4pitaux Universitaires, Strasbourg 67000, France"},{"name":"EA 7290, Virulence Bact\u00e9rienne pr\u00e9coce, Universit\u00e9 de Strasbourg, CHRU Strasbourg, F\u00e9d\u00e9ration de M\u00e9decine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Strasbourg 67000, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Riegel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EA 7290, Virulence Bact\u00e9rienne pr\u00e9coce, Universit\u00e9 de Strasbourg, CHRU Strasbourg, F\u00e9d\u00e9ration de M\u00e9decine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Strasbourg 67000, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lamine","family":"Baba-Moussa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facult\u00e9 des Sciences et Techniques, Laboratoire de Biologie et de Typage Mol\u00e9culaire en Microbiologie, Universit\u00e9 d\u2019Abomey, Calavi, Cotonou 05 BP 1604, Benin"},{"name":"Laboratoire de Microbiologie du Centre National Hospitalier et Universitaire Hubert Koutoukou-Maga, Cotonou, 05 BP 1604, Benin"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gilles","family":"Pr\u00e9vost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EA 7290, Virulence Bact\u00e9rienne pr\u00e9coce, Universit\u00e9 de Strasbourg, CHRU Strasbourg, F\u00e9d\u00e9ration de M\u00e9decine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Strasbourg 67000, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evv066","article-title":"Ecological Overlap and Horizontal Gene Transfer in Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis","volume":"7","author":"Miragaia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genome Biol. 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