{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T06:23:18Z","timestamp":1788589398616,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,23]],"date-time":"2018-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1521763200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DEB 1145987"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DEB 1145987"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DEB 1638902"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DEB 1638902"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DUE 1161228"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DUE 1161228"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DEB 1638879"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DEB 1638879"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013913","name":"Prairie Biotic Research Inc.","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013913","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011084","name":"Sigma Xi","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011084","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"SnakeDays"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007121","name":"Southwestern Association of Naturalists","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007121","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005835","name":"American Museum of Natural History","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005835","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Phenotypic diversity generated through altered gene expression is a primary mechanism facilitating evolutionary response in natural systems. By linking the phenotype to genotype through transcriptomics, it is possible to determine what changes are occurring at the molecular level. High phenotypic diversity has been documented in rattlesnake venom, which is under strong selection due to its role in prey acquisition and defense. Rattlesnake venom can be characterized by the presence (Type A) or absence (Type B) of a type of neurotoxic phospholipase A     2     (PLA     2    ), such as Mojave toxin, that increases venom toxicity. Mojave rattlesnakes (Crotalus scutulatus), represent this diversity as both venom types are found within this species and within a single panmictic population in the Sonoran Desert. We used comparative venom gland transcriptomics of nine specimens of C. scutulatus from this region to test whether expression differences explain diversity within and between venom types. Type A individuals expressed significantly fewer toxins than Type B individuals owing to the diversity of C-type lectins (CTLs) and snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs) found in Type B animals. As expected, both subunits of Mojave toxin were exclusively found in Type A individuals but we found high diversity in four additional PLA     2    s that was not associated with a venom type. Myotoxin a expression and toxin number variation was not associated with venom type, and myotoxin a had the highest range of expression of any toxin class. Our study represents the most comprehensive transcriptomic profile of the venom type dichotomy in rattlesnakes and C. scutulatus. Even intra-specifically, Mojave rattlesnakes showcase the diversity of snake venoms and illustrate that variation within venom types blurs the distinction of the venom dichotomy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins10040135","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,26]],"date-time":"2018-03-26T03:43:29Z","timestamp":1522035809000},"page":"135","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Phenotypic Variation in Mojave Rattlesnake (Crotalus scutulatus) Venom Is Driven by Four Toxin Families"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1927-7259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason","family":"Strickland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, 4110 Libra Drive, Orlando, FL 32816, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0297-1313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Mason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, 190 Collings St., Clemson, SC 29634, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0356-2178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Darin","family":"Rokyta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, 319 Stadium Drive, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2020-6992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher","family":"Parkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, 4110 Libra Drive, Orlando, FL 32816, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2075","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1114383","article-title":"Phenotypic diversity, population growth, and information in fluctuating environments","volume":"309","author":"Kussell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3229","article-title":"Comparative studies of gene expression and the evolution of gene regulation","volume":"13","author":"Ruvinsky","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. 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