{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T22:01:35Z","timestamp":1792533695161,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":142,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,29]],"date-time":"2018-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1527552000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with profound vascular remodeling, which accelerates the progression of cardiovascular disease. This remodeling is characterized by intimal hyperplasia, accelerated atherosclerosis, excessive vascular calcification, and vascular stiffness. Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) dysfunction has a key role in the remodeling process. Under uremic conditions, VSMCs can switch from a contractile phenotype to a synthetic phenotype, and undergo abnormal proliferation, migration, senescence, apoptosis, and calcification. A growing body of data from experiments in vitro and animal models suggests that uremic toxins (such as inorganic phosphate, indoxyl sulfate and advanced-glycation end products) may directly impact the VSMCs\u2019 physiological functions. Chronic, low-grade inflammation and oxidative stress\u2014hallmarks of CKD\u2014are also strong inducers of VSMC dysfunction. Here, we review current knowledge about the impact of uremic toxins on VSMC function in CKD, and the consequences for pathological vascular remodeling.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins10060218","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,30]],"date-time":"2018-05-30T03:04:27Z","timestamp":1527649467000},"page":"218","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":103,"title":["The Impact of Uremic Toxins on Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Function"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Lucie","family":"H\u00e9naut","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MP3CV, EA7517, CURS, Jules Verne University of Picardie, 80054 Amiens, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4748-1468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aur\u00e9lien","family":"Mary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MP3CV, EA7517, CURS, Jules Verne University of Picardie, 80054 Amiens, France"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Amiens University Medical Center, 80000 Amiens, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Marc","family":"Chillon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MP3CV, EA7517, CURS, Jules Verne University of Picardie, 80054 Amiens, France"},{"name":"DRCI, Amiens University Hospital, 80054 Amiens, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sa\u00efd","family":"Kamel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MP3CV, EA7517, CURS, Jules Verne University of Picardie, 80054 Amiens, France"},{"name":"Laboratory of Biochemistry, Amiens University Hospital, 80054 Amiens, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziad","family":"Massy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ambroise Par\u00e9 University Hospital, Division of Nephrology, APHP, 92100 Boulogne-Billancourt\/Paris, France"},{"name":"INSERM U1018, Team 5, CESP, UVSQ, Paris-Saclay University, 94800 Villejuif, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00003.2017","article-title":"Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells and Arterial Stiffening: Relevance in Development, Aging, and Disease","volume":"97","author":"Lacolley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiol. 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