{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T02:17:38Z","timestamp":1768443458550,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,7]],"date-time":"2018-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1528329600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31600669,31570782,31370817"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31600669,31570782,31370817"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The venom of the spider Heteropoda venatoria produced lethal effect to cockroaches as reported in our previous study, and could be a resource for naturally-occurring insecticides. The present study characterized a novel cockroach voltage-gated sodium channels (NaVs) antagonist, \u03bc-sparatoxin-Hv2 (\u03bc-SPRTX-Hv2 for short), from this venom. \u03bc-SPRTX-Hv2 is composed of 37 amino acids and contains six conserved cysteines. We synthesized the toxin by using the chemical synthesis method. The toxin was lethal to cockroaches when intraperitoneally injected, with a LD50 value of 2.8 nmol\/g of body weight. Electrophysiological data showed that the toxin potently blocked NaVs in cockroach dorsal unpaired median (DUM) neurons, with an IC50 of 833.7 \u00b1 132.2 nM, but it hardly affected the DUM voltage-gated potassium channels (KVs) and the DUM high-voltage-activated calcium channels (HVA CaVs). The toxin also did not affect NaVs, HVA CaVs, and Kvs in rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, as well as NaV subtypes NaV1.3\u20131.5, NaV1.7, and NaV1.8. No envenomation symptoms were observed when \u03bc-SPRTX-Hv2 was intraperitoneally injected into mouse at the dose of 7.0 \u03bcg\/g. In summary, \u03bc-SPRTX-Hv2 is a novel insecticidal toxin from H. venatoria venom. It might exhibit its effect by blocking the insect NaVs and is a candidate for developing bioinsecticide.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins10060233","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,8]],"date-time":"2018-06-08T03:13:18Z","timestamp":1528427598000},"page":"233","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Purification and Characterization of a Novel Insecticidal Toxin, \u03bc-sparatoxin-Hv2, from the Venom of the Spider Heteropoda venatoria"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Zhen","family":"Xiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yunxiao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiao","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Songping","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5848-2458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheng","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhonghua","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1134\/S0006297909130069","article-title":"Molecular diversity of spider venom","volume":"74","author":"Vassilevski","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochemistry (Mosc.)"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2006.01.018","article-title":"Venom landscapes: Mining the complexity of spider venoms via a combined cdna and mass spectrometric approach","volume":"47","author":"Escoubas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btx661","article-title":"Arachnoserver 3.0: An online resource for automated discovery, analysis and annotation of spider toxins","volume":"34","author":"Pineda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1021\/tx8004949","article-title":"Pest toxicology: The primary mechanisms of pesticide action","volume":"22","author":"Casida","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem. 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