{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T09:58:22Z","timestamp":1782467902149,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,25]],"date-time":"2018-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1529884800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Local inflammation is a well-known symptom of envenomation by snakes of the family Viperidae, attributed primarily to the phospholipase A2s, metalloproteinases and L-amino acid oxidases contained in their venom. The inflammatory effect of snake venoms has been associated with a marked increase of the cytokines IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and TNF-\u03b1. To determine the impact of Vipera ammodytes ammodytes snake venom on the expression of inflammation-related genes, we incubated human U937 monocyte cells with dilutions of snake venom. Gene expression was quantified for 28 different genes using a TaqMan\u00ae Array Human Cytokine Network 96-well Plate in a RT-qPCR system. Our results have demonstrated that 1.0 \u03bcg\/mL Vipera ammodytes ammodytes venom solution induces a notable change in the expression of several cytokine network genes. Among the upregulated genes, there were several that encode interleukins, interferons, and tumor necrosis factors. We further report the downregulation of three interleukin-related genes. Our findings come as supportive information for the known complex effect of snake venoms on the human cytokine network. It also provides relevant new information regarding the expression of genes that have not been previously associated with the effect of snake venoms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins10070259","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,25]],"date-time":"2018-06-25T11:03:25Z","timestamp":1529924605000},"page":"259","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Effect of Vipera ammodytes ammodytes Snake Venom on the Human Cytokine Network"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3777-3712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisc","family":"Boda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fundamental Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Tirgu Mures, Gheorghe Marinescu Street No. 38, 540139 Tirgu Mures, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krisztina","family":"Banfai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pecs, Rokus Street No. 2, 7624 Pecs, Hungary"},{"name":"Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pecs, Ifjusag Street No. 20, 7624 Pecs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kitti","family":"Garai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pecs, Rokus Street No. 2, 7624 Pecs, Hungary"},{"name":"Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pecs, Ifjusag Street No. 20, 7624 Pecs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6770-0429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Augustin","family":"Curticapean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fundamental Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Tirgu Mures, Gheorghe Marinescu Street No. 38, 540139 Tirgu Mures, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2563-8946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lavinia","family":"Berta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fundamental Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Tirgu Mures, Gheorghe Marinescu Street No. 38, 540139 Tirgu Mures, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emese","family":"Sipos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Specialty Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Tirgu Mures, Gheorghe Marinescu Street No. 38, 540139 Tirgu Mures, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krisztian","family":"Kvell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pecs, Rokus Street No. 2, 7624 Pecs, Hungary"},{"name":"Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pecs, Ifjusag Street No. 20, 7624 Pecs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.3390\/nu3060637","article-title":"Gut microbiota and inflammation","volume":"3","author":"Hakansson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chan, P.M., Tan, Y.S., Chua, K.H., Sabaratnam, V., and Kuppusamy, U.R. 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