{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T00:37:25Z","timestamp":1792802245233,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":260,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,9]],"date-time":"2018-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1533772800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Marine biotoxins are produced by aquatic microorganisms and accumulate in shellfish or finfish following the food web. These toxins usually reach human consumers by ingestion of contaminated seafood, although other exposure routes like inhalation or contact have also been reported and may cause serious illness. This review shows the current data regarding the symptoms of acute intoxication for several toxin classes, including paralytic toxins, amnesic toxins, ciguatoxins, brevetoxins, tetrodotoxins, diarrheic toxins, azaspiracids and palytoxins. The information available about chronic toxicity and relative potency of different analogs within a toxin class are also reported. The gaps of toxicological knowledge that should be studied to improve human health protection are discussed. In general, gathering of epidemiological data in humans, chronic toxicity studies and exploring relative potency by oral administration are critical to minimize human health risks related to these toxin classes in the near future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins10080324","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,9]],"date-time":"2018-08-09T10:36:31Z","timestamp":1533810991000},"page":"324","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":153,"title":["Human Poisoning from Marine Toxins: Unknowns for Optimal Consumer Protection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Natalia","family":"Vilari\u00f1o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Farmacolog\u00eda, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3072-0637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Louzao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Farmacolog\u00eda, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2962-4389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Abal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Farmacolog\u00eda, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1965-9601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"Cagide","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio CIFGA S.A., Plaza Santo Domingo 20-5\u00b0, 27001 Lugo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Carrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Farmacolog\u00eda, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain"},{"name":"Hospital Veterinario Universitario Rof Codina, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mercedes","family":"Vieytes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Fisiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2153-6608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Botana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Farmacolog\u00eda, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.3390\/md6020308","article-title":"Non-traditional vectors for paralytic shellfish poisoning","volume":"6","author":"Deeds","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mar. 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