{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T19:54:42Z","timestamp":1776887682982,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,21]],"date-time":"2018-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1534809600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["\/"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\/"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spider venoms are complex mixtures of biologically active components with potentially interesting applications for drug discovery or for agricultural purposes. The spider Phoneutria nigriventer is responsible for a number of envenomations with sometimes severe clinical manifestations in humans. A more efficient treatment requires a comprehensive knowledge of the venom composition and of the action mechanism of the constituting components. PnTx2-1 (also called \u03b4-ctenitoxin-Pn1a) is a 53-amino-acid-residue peptide isolated from the venom fraction PhTx2. Although PnTx2-1 is classified as a neurotoxin, its molecular target has remained unknown. This study describes the electrophysiological characterization of PnTx2-1 as a modulator of voltage-gated sodium channels. PnTx2-1 is investigated for its activity on seven mammalian NaV-channel isoforms, one insect NaV channel and one arachnid NaV channel. Furthermore, comparison of the activity of both PnTx2-1 and PnTx2-6 on NaV1.5 channels reveals that this family of Phoneutria toxins modulates the cardiac NaV channel in a bifunctional manner, resulting in an alteration of the inactivation process and a reduction of the sodium peak current.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins10090337","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,21]],"date-time":"2018-08-21T11:12:42Z","timestamp":1534849962000},"page":"337","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Phoneutria nigriventer Spider Toxin PnTx2-1 (\u03b4-Ctenitoxin-Pn1a) Is a Modulator of Sodium Channel Gating"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0504-5702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steve","family":"Peigneur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxicology and Pharmacology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Campus Gasthuisberg, P.O. Box 922, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Venenos e Toxinas Animais, Dept de Bioqu\u00edmica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana Luiza B.","family":"Paiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Ezequiel Dias, Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 30510-010, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marta N.","family":"Cordeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Ezequiel Dias, Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 30510-010, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M\u00e1rcia H.","family":"Borges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Ezequiel Dias, Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 30510-010, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcelo R. V.","family":"Diniz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Ezequiel Dias, Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 30510-010, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Elena","family":"De Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Venenos e Toxinas Animais, Dept de Bioqu\u00edmica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil"},{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Biomedicina e Medicina, Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa da Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Grupo Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Tytgat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxicology and Pharmacology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Campus Gasthuisberg, P.O. Box 922, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.4155\/fmc.14.103","article-title":"Spider venomics: Implications for drug discovery","volume":"6","author":"Pineda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Future Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btx661","article-title":"ArachnoServer 3.0: An online resource for automated discovery, analysis and annotation of spider toxins","volume":"34","author":"Pineda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1007\/s11030-006-9050-4","article-title":"Molecular diversification in spider venoms: A web of combinatorial peptide libraries","volume":"10","author":"Escoubas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. 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