{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T06:01:04Z","timestamp":1783144864159,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,20]],"date-time":"2018-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1537401600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2068\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2068\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Botulism is a potentially fatal intoxication caused by botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) produced mainly by Clostridium botulinum. Vaccination against BoNT serotypes C and D is the main procedure to control cattle botulism. Current vaccines contain formaldehyde-inactivated native BoNTs, which have a time-consuming production process and pose safety risks. The development of non-toxic recombinant vaccines has helped to overcome these limitations. This study aims to evaluate the humoral immune response generated by cattle immunized with non-purified recombinant fragments of BoNTs C and D. Cattle were vaccinated in a two-dose scheme with 100, 200 and 400 \u00b5g of each antigen, with serum sampling on days 0, 56, 120, and 180 after vaccination. Animals who received either 200 or 400 \u03bcg of both antigens induced titers higher than the minimum required by the Brazilian ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply and achieved 100% (8\/8) seroconversion rate. Animals vaccinated with commercial toxoid vaccine had only a 75% (6\/8) seroconversion rate for both toxins. Animals that received doses containing 400 \u00b5g of recombinant protein were the only ones to maintain titers above the required level up until day 120 post-vaccination, and to achieve 100% (8\/8) seroconversion for both toxins. In conclusion, 400 \u00b5g the recombinant Escherichia coli cell lysates supernatant was demonstrated to be an affordable means of producing an effective and safe botulism vaccine for cattle.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins10100381","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,21]],"date-time":"2018-09-21T03:46:35Z","timestamp":1537501595000},"page":"381","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Immunogenicity of a Bivalent Non-Purified Recombinant Vaccine against Botulism in Cattle"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1613-1569","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Cl\u00f3vis","family":"Moreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnol\u00f3gico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul 96160-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcos R. A.","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnol\u00f3gico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul 96160-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9199-0764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos E. P.","family":"Da Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnol\u00f3gico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul 96160-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael A.","family":"Donassolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnol\u00f3gico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul 96160-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6610-5364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula F.","family":"Finger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnol\u00f3gico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul 96160-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gustavo M. S. G.","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnol\u00f3gico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul 96160-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denis Y.","family":"Otaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria, Universidade Federal do Par\u00e1, Castanhal, Par\u00e1 68740-910, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Loise A.","family":"De Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria, Universidade Federal do Par\u00e1, Castanhal, Par\u00e1 68740-910, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 D.","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria, Universidade Federal do Par\u00e1, Castanhal, Par\u00e1 68740-910, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c2ngela N.","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnol\u00f3gico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul 96160-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7711-6437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felipe M.","family":"Salvarani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria, Universidade Federal do Par\u00e1, Castanhal, Par\u00e1 68740-910, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabricio R.","family":"Concei\u00e7\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnol\u00f3gico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul 96160-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Popoff, M.R., and Bouvet, P. 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