{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T15:45:17Z","timestamp":1790178317238,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":134,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,20]],"date-time":"2018-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1539993600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are categorised into immunologically distinct serotypes BoNT\/A to \/G). Each serotype can also be further divided into subtypes based on differences in amino acid sequence. BoNTs are ~150 kDa proteins comprised of three major functional domains: an N-terminal zinc metalloprotease light chain (LC), a translocation domain (HN), and a binding domain (HC). The HC is responsible for targeting the BoNT to the neuronal cell membrane, and each serotype has evolved to bind via different mechanisms to different target receptors. Most structural characterisations to date have focussed on the first identified subtype within each serotype (e.g., BoNT\/A1). Subtype differences within BoNT serotypes can affect intoxication, displaying different botulism symptoms in vivo, and less emphasis has been placed on investigating these variants. This review outlines the receptors for each BoNT serotype and describes the basis for the highly specific targeting of neuronal cell membranes. Understanding receptor binding is of vital importance, not only for the generation of novel therapeutics but also for understanding how best to protect from intoxication.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins10100421","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,23]],"date-time":"2018-10-23T08:43:36Z","timestamp":1540284216000},"page":"421","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Variations in the Botulinum Neurotoxin Binding Domain and the Potential for Novel Therapeutics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4986-8594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan R.","family":"Davies","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6359-0229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sai Man","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ipsen Bioinnovation Limited, Abingdon OX14 4RY, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3009-4058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K. Ravi","family":"Acharya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.3.1.66","article-title":"Toxigenic clostridia","volume":"3","author":"Hatheway","year":"1990","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.1997.00313.x","article-title":"Phylogeny and taxonomy of the food-borne pathogen Clostridium botulinum and its neurotoxins","volume":"84","author":"Collins","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Appl. 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