{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T02:52:47Z","timestamp":1790304767741,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,6]],"date-time":"2018-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1541462400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) are the cause of staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP) outbreaks. Recently, many new types of SEs and SE-like toxins have been reported, but it has not been proved whether these new toxins cause food poisoning. To develop an immunoassay for detection of SE-like J (SElJ), a non-characterized toxin in SFP, a mutant SElJ with C-terminus deletion (SElJ\u2206C) was expressed and purified in an E. coli expression system. Anti-SElJ antibody was produced in rabbits immunized with the SElJ\u2206C. Western blotting and sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) detection systems were established and showed that the antibody specifically recognizes SElJ without cross reaction to other SEs tested. The limit of detection for the sandwich ELISA was 0.078 ng\/mL, showing high sensitivity. SElJ production in S. aureus was detected by using the sandwich ELISA and showed that selj-horboring isolates produced a large amount of SElJ in the culture supernatants, especially in that of the strain isolated from a food poisoning outbreak in Japan. These results demonstrate that the immunoassay for detection of SElJ is specific and sensitive and is useful for determining the native SElJ production in S. aureus isolated from food poisoning cases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins10110458","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,7]],"date-time":"2018-11-07T03:45:22Z","timestamp":1541562322000},"page":"458","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Development of an Immunoassay for Detection of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin-Like J, A Non-Characterized Toxin"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Hisaya K.","family":"Ono","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, 35-1 Higashi-23-ban-cho, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nobuaki","family":"Hachiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, 35-1 Higashi-23-ban-cho, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasunori","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ikunori","family":"Naito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Ueda 3-18-8, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shouhei","family":"Hirose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krisana","family":"Asano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katsuhiko","family":"Omoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Ueda 3-18-8, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akio","family":"Nakane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong-Liang","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, 35-1 Higashi-23-ban-cho, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.55.1.77","article-title":"Toxic shock syndrome and bacterial superantigens: An update","volume":"55","author":"McCormick","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.13.1.16","article-title":"Exotoxins of Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"13","author":"Dinges","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6088","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.10.6088-6094.2003","article-title":"Identification and characterization of a new staphylococcal enterotoxin-related putative toxin encoded by two kinds of plasmids","volume":"71","author":"Omoe","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4999","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00045-08","article-title":"Identification and characterization of two novel Staphylococcal enterotoxins, types S and T","volume":"76","author":"Ono","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7034","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01873-15","article-title":"Identification and characterization of a novel staphylococcal emetic toxin","volume":"81","author":"Ono","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4724","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00132-06","article-title":"Staphylococcal enterotoxin-like toxins U2 and V, two new staphylococcal superantigens arising from recombination within the enterotoxin gene cluster","volume":"74","author":"Thomas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilson, G.J., Seo, K.S., Cartwright, R.A., Connelley, T., Chuang-Smith, O.N., Merriman, J.A., Guinane, C.M., Park, J.Y., Bohach, G.A., and Schlievert, P.M. (2011). A novel core genome-encoded superantigen contributes to lethality of community-associated MRSA necrotizing pneumonia. PLoS Pathog., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002271"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.femsle.2005.04.007","article-title":"Comprehensive analysis of classical and newly described staphylococcal superantigenic toxin genes in Staphylococcus aureus isolates","volume":"246","author":"Omoe","year":"2005","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3627","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00550-13","article-title":"Emetic potentials of newly identified staphylococcal enterotoxin-like toxins","volume":"81","author":"Omoe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/1348-0421.12460","article-title":"The emetic activity of staphylococcal enterotoxins, SEK, SEL, SEM, SEN and SEO in a small emetic animal model, the house musk shrew","volume":"61","author":"Ono","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1998.tb13278.x","article-title":"The enterotoxin D plasmid of Staphylococcus aureus encodes a second enterotoxin determinant (sej)","volume":"168","author":"Zhang","year":"1998","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2013.12.006","article-title":"Molecular characterization of foodborne-associated Staphylococcus aureus isolated in Shijiazhuang, China, from 2010 to 2012","volume":"78","author":"Lv","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"311","article-title":"Estimation of human dose of staphylococcal enterotoxin A from a large outbreak of staphylococcal food","volume":"31","author":"Evenson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2793","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.5.2793-2795.2005","article-title":"Mass outbreak of food poisoning disease caused by small amounts of staphylococcal enterotoxins A and H","volume":"71","author":"Ikeda","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Doyle, M.P. (1989). Staphylococcus aureus. Foodborne Bacterial Pathogens, Marcel Dekker Inc."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.3.857-862.2002","article-title":"Detection of seg, seh, sei genes in Staphylococcus aureus isolates and determination of the enterotoxin productivities of S. aureus isolates Harboring seg, seh, or sei genes","volume":"40","author":"Omoe","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4673","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/22.22.4673","article-title":"CLUSTAL W: Improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice","volume":"22","author":"Thompson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.1.567-570.2003","article-title":"Induction of emetic response to staphylococcal enterotoxins in the house musk shrew (Suncus murinus)","volume":"71","author":"Hu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.60.2.523-528.1992","article-title":"Endogenous tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-6, and gamma interferon levels during Listeria monocytogenes infection in mice","volume":"60","author":"Nakane","year":"1992","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken1952.27.309","article-title":"A consideration to immune doses of staphylococcal enterotoxin B to rabbits","volume":"27","author":"Shinagawa","year":"1974","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Med. Sci. Biol."}],"container-title":["Toxins"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6651\/10\/11\/458\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:28:13Z","timestamp":1760196493000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6651\/10\/11\/458"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,6]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]}},"alternative-id":["toxins10110458"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxins10110458","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6651"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6651","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,6]]}}}