{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T08:12:55Z","timestamp":1790151175812,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,23]],"date-time":"2018-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1542931200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Causative species of Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) and toxins in commercially exploited molluscan shellfish species are monitored weekly from four classified shellfish production areas in Per\u00fa (three in the north and one in the south). Okadaic acid (OA) and pectenotoxins (PTXs) were detected in hand-picked cells of Dinophysis (D. acuminata-complex and D. caudata) and in scallops (Argopecten purpuratus), the most important commercial bivalve species in Per\u00fa. LC-MS analyses revealed two different toxin profiles associated with species of the D. acuminata-complex: (a) one with OA (0.3\u20138.0 pg cell\u22121) and PTX2 (1.5\u201311.1 pg cell\u22121) and (b) another with only PTX2 which included populations with different toxin cell quota (9.3\u20139.6 pg cell\u22121 and 5.8\u20139.2 pg cell\u22121). Toxin results suggest the likely presence of two morphotypes of the D. acuminata-complex in the north, and only one of them in the south. Likewise, shellfish toxin analyses revealed the presence of PTX2 in all samples (10.3\u201334.8 \u00b5g kg\u22121), but OA (7.7\u201315.2 \u00b5g kg\u22121) only in the northern samples. Toxin levels were below the regulatory limits established for diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) and PTXs (160 \u00b5g OA kg\u22121) in Per\u00fa, in all samples analyzed. This is the first report confirming the presence of OA and PTX in Dinophysis cells and in shellfish from Peruvian coastal waters.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins10120490","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,23]],"date-time":"2018-11-23T12:20:28Z","timestamp":1542975628000},"page":"490","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["First Report of Okadaic Acid and Pectenotoxins in Individual Cells of Dinophysis and in Scallops Argopecten purpuratus from Per\u00fa"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Alex","family":"Alc\u00e1ntara-Rubira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Organismo Nacional de Sanidad Pesquera (SANIPES), Av. Domingo Oru\u00e9 N\u00b0 165, Surquillo Lima 34, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V\u00edctor","family":"B\u00e1rcena-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Organismo Nacional de Sanidad Pesquera (SANIPES), Av. Domingo Oru\u00e9 N\u00b0 165, Surquillo Lima 34, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maribel","family":"Reyes-Paulino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Organismo Nacional de Sanidad Pesquera (SANIPES), Av. Domingo Oru\u00e9 N\u00b0 165, Surquillo Lima 34, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Medina-Acaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Organismo Nacional de Sanidad Pesquera (SANIPES), Av. Domingo Oru\u00e9 N\u00b0 165, Surquillo Lima 34, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lilibeth","family":"Valiente-Terrones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Organismo Nacional de Sanidad Pesquera (SANIPES), Av. Domingo Oru\u00e9 N\u00b0 165, Surquillo Lima 34, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ang\u00e9lica","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Vel\u00e1squez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Organismo Nacional de Sanidad Pesquera (SANIPES), Av. Domingo Oru\u00e9 N\u00b0 165, Surquillo Lima 34, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rolando","family":"Estrada-Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Organismo Nacional de Sanidad Pesquera (SANIPES), Av. Domingo Oru\u00e9 N\u00b0 165, Surquillo Lima 34, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omar","family":"Flores-Salm\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Organismo Nacional de Sanidad Pesquera (SANIPES), Av. Domingo Oru\u00e9 N\u00b0 165, Surquillo Lima 34, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-4020(01)96469-5","article-title":"Diarrhetic shellfish toxins","volume":"41","author":"Yasumoto","year":"1985","journal-title":"Tetrahedron"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.2331\/suisan.44.1249","article-title":"Occurrence of a new type of shellfish poisoning in the Tohoku district","volume":"44","author":"Yasumoto","year":"1978","journal-title":"NIPPON SUISAN GAKKAISHI"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1021\/bk-1990-0418.ch008","article-title":"Polyether Toxins Involved in Seafood Poisoning","volume":"Volume 418","author":"Hall","year":"1990","journal-title":"Marine Toxins"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.12.002","article-title":"Toxin profiles of five geographical isolates of Dinophysis spp. from North and South America","volume":"57","author":"Fux","year":"2011","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.3390\/md12010394","article-title":"Dinophysis Toxins: Causative Organisms, Distribution and Fate in Shellfish","volume":"12","author":"Reguera","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mar. 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