{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T12:16:41Z","timestamp":1793362601589,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,1]],"date-time":"2018-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543622400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Consejo de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda del Estado de Durango","award":["COCYTED 2018 01: 15088"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COCYTED 2018 01: 15088"]}]},{"name":"Direcci\u00f3n General de Asuntos del Personal Acad\u00e9mico","award":["DGAPA-PAPIIT: IN207218"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DGAPA-PAPIIT: IN207218"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ontogenetic changes in venom composition have important ecological implications due the relevance of venom in prey acquisition and defense. Additionally, intraspecific venom variation has direct medical consequences for the treatment of snakebite. However, ontogenetic changes are not well documented in most species. The Mexican Black-tailed Rattlesnake (Crotalus molossus nigrescens) is large-bodied and broadly distributed in Mexico. To document venom variation and test for ontogenetic changes in venom composition, we obtained venom samples from twenty-seven C. m. nigrescens with different total body lengths (TBL) from eight states in Mexico. The primary components in the venom were detected by reverse-phase HPLC, western blot, and mass spectrometry. In addition, we evaluated the biochemical (proteolytic, coagulant and fibrinogenolytic activities) and biological (LD50 and hemorrhagic activity) activities of the venoms. Finally, we tested for recognition and neutralization of Mexican antivenoms against venoms of juvenile and adult snakes. We detected clear ontogenetic venom variation in C. m. nigrescens. Venoms from younger snakes contained more crotamine-like myotoxins and snake venom serine proteinases than venoms from older snakes; however, an increase of snake venom metalloproteinases was detected in venoms of larger snakes. Venoms from juvenile snakes were, in general, more toxic and procoagulant than venoms from adults; however, adult venoms were more proteolytic. Most of the venoms analyzed were hemorrhagic. Importantly, Mexican antivenoms had difficulties recognizing low molecular mass proteins (&lt;12 kDa) of venoms from both juvenile and adult snakes. The antivenoms did not neutralize the crotamine effect caused by the venom of juveniles. Thus, we suggest that Mexican antivenoms would have difficulty neutralizing some human envenomations and, therefore, it may be necessary improve the immunization mixture in Mexican antivenoms to account for low molecular mass proteins, like myotoxins.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins10120501","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,3]],"date-time":"2018-12-03T06:02:09Z","timestamp":1543816929000},"page":"501","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Ontogenetic Change in the Venom of Mexican Black-Tailed Rattlesnakes (Crotalus molossus nigrescens)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4098-7279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Borja","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad Ju\u00e1rez del Estado de Durango, Av. Universidad s\/n. Fracc. Filadelfia, C.P. 35010 G\u00f3mez Palacio, Dgo., Mexico"},{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Ju\u00e1rez del Estado de Durango, Av. Art\u00edculo 123 s\/n. Fracc. Filadelfia, Apartado Postal No. 51, C.P. 35010 G\u00f3mez Palacio, Dgo., Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1551-4584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edgar","family":"Neri-Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biotecnolog\u00eda, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Avenida Universidad 2001, Chamilpa, C.P. 62210 Cuernavaca, Mor., Mexico"},{"name":"Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biom\u00e9dicas UNAM, C.P. 04510 M\u00e9xico D.F., Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebeca","family":"P\u00e9rez-Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad Ju\u00e1rez del Estado de Durango, Av. Art\u00edculo 123 s\/n. Fracc. Filadelfia, Apartado Postal No. 51, C.P. 35010 G\u00f3mez Palacio, Dgo., Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1927-7259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason L.","family":"Strickland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, 190 Collings St., Clemson, SC 29634, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Ponce-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biotecnolog\u00eda, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Avenida Universidad 2001, Chamilpa, C.P. 62210 Cuernavaca, Mor., Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2020-6992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher L.","family":"Parkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, 190 Collings St., Clemson, SC 29634, USA"},{"name":"Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, Clemson University, 190 Collings St., Clemson, SC 29634, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Espinosa-Fematt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Ju\u00e1rez del Estado de Durango, Calz. Palmas 1, Revoluci\u00f3n, 35050 G\u00f3mez Palacio, Dgo., Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"S\u00e1enz-Mata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad Ju\u00e1rez del Estado de Durango, Av. Universidad s\/n. Fracc. Filadelfia, C.P. 35010 G\u00f3mez Palacio, Dgo., Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esau","family":"Flores-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad Ju\u00e1rez del Estado de Durango, Av. Universidad s\/n. Fracc. Filadelfia, C.P. 35010 G\u00f3mez Palacio, Dgo., Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Alag\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biotecnolog\u00eda, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Avenida Universidad 2001, Chamilpa, C.P. 62210 Cuernavaca, Mor., Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gamaliel","family":"Casta\u00f1eda-Gayt\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad Ju\u00e1rez del Estado de Durango, Av. Universidad s\/n. Fracc. Filadelfia, C.P. 35010 G\u00f3mez Palacio, Dgo., Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8312.1990.tb01973.x","article-title":"Evolutionary significance of ontogenetic colour change in animals","volume":"40","author":"Booth","year":"1990","journal-title":"Biol. J. Linn. Soc."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1006\/anbe.1994.1362","article-title":"Ontogenetic changes in foraging behaviour and habitat use by the Oregon garter snake, Thamnophis atratus hydrophilus","volume":"48","author":"Lind","year":"1994","journal-title":"Anim. 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