{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T04:57:05Z","timestamp":1783573025494,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,12]],"date-time":"2018-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1544572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ph\u03b11\u03b2, a purified peptide from the venom of the spider Phoneutria nigriventer, and its recombinant form CTK 01512-2 are voltage-dependent calcium channel (CaV) blockers of types N, R, P\/Q, and L with a preference for type N. These peptides show analgesic action in different pain models in rats. The aim of this study was to evaluate the acute intrathecal toxicity of the native and recombinant Ph\u03b11\u03b2 toxin in Wistar rats. Clinical signs, serum biochemistry, organ weight, and histopathological alterations were evaluated in male and\/or female rats. Dyspnea was observed in males, hyporesponsiveness in females, and Straub tail and tremors in both genders. There were no significant differences in male organ weight, although significant differences in the female relative weight of the adrenal glands and spleen have been observed; these values are within the normal range. Serum biochemical data revealed a significant reduction within the physiological limits of species related to urea, ALT, AST, and FA. Hepatic and renal congestion were observed for toxin groups. In renal tissue, glomerular infiltrates were observed with increased glomerular space. These histological alterations were presented in focal areas and in mild degree. Therefore, Ph\u03b11\u03b2 and CTK 01512-2 presented a good safety profile with transient toxicity clinical signals in doses higher than used to obtain the analgesic effect.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins10120531","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,12]],"date-time":"2018-12-12T10:54:26Z","timestamp":1544612066000},"page":"531","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Acute Toxicity of the Recombinant and Native Ph\u03b11\u03b2 Toxin: New Analgesic from Phoneutria nigriventer Spider Venom"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6586-2080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eliane","family":"Dallegrave","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacosciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS 90050-170 Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eliane","family":"Taschetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Genetics and Applied Toxicology, Lutheran University of Brazil, Canoas, RS 92425\u2013900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mirna","family":"Bainy Leal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 90050-17, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flavia Tasmim","family":"Techera Antunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology Applied of Health, Lutheran University of Brazil, Canoas, RS 92425\u2013900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6082-930X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcus Vinicius","family":"Gomez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences: Medicine and Biomedicine, Institute of Education and Research, Grupo Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, MG 30150-240, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6832-2765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Hubner de Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Genetics and Applied Toxicology, Lutheran University of Brazil, Canoas, RS 92425\u2013900, Brazil"},{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology Applied of Health, Lutheran University of Brazil, Canoas, RS 92425\u2013900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2018.07.008","article-title":"Phoneutrianigriventer venom: A pharmacological treasure","volume":"151","author":"Peigneur","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btx661","article-title":"ArachnoServer 3.0: An online resource for automated discovery, analysis and annotation of spider toxins","volume":"34","author":"Pineda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cruz-Hofling, M.A., Tavares, J.C., and Rap\u00f4so, C. 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