{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T23:26:00Z","timestamp":1792625160328,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,12]],"date-time":"2018-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1544572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Foot dystonia (FD) is a disabling condition causing pain, spasm and difficulty in walking. We treated fourteen (14) adult patients experiencing FD with onabotulinum toxin A injection into the dystonic foot muscles. We analyzed the spatiotemporal gait utilizing the GaitRite system pre- and 3 weeks post-botulinum toxin injection along with measuring dystonia by the Fahn\u2013Marsden Dystonia Scale (FMDS), pain by the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and other lower limb functional outcomes such as gait velocity, the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), the Unified Parkinson\u2019s Disease Rating Scale\u2013Lower Limb Score (UPDRS\u2013LL), the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test and the Goal Attainment Scale (GAS). We found that stride length increased significantly in both the affected (p = 0.02) and unaffected leg (p = 0.01) after treatment, and the improvement in stride length was roughly the same in each leg. Similar results were found for step length (p = 0.02) with improvement in the step length differential (p = 0.01). The improvements in the lower limb functional outcomes were also significant\u2014FMDS, VAS, TUG, and UPDRS\u2013LL decreased significantly after treatment (all p &lt; 0.001), and BBS (p = 0.001), GAS (p &lt; 0.001) except cadence (p = 0.37). BT injection improved walking in foot dystonia as evidenced through gait analysis, pain and lower limb functional outcomes. Main study limitations were small sample size and lack of control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins10120532","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,12]],"date-time":"2018-12-12T10:54:26Z","timestamp":1544612066000},"page":"532","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Spatiotemporal Gait Analysis and Lower Limb Functioning in Foot Dystonia Treated with Botulinum Toxin"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5182-6919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anupam","family":"Datta Gupta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehabilitation Medicine, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, 28 Woodville Road, Adelaide 5011, Australia"},{"name":"Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graeme","family":"Tucker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Health and Medical Research Council Centre of Research Excellence in Frailty and Healthy Aging, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Koblar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Director Stroke Research Programme, South Australian Health &amp; Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), GPO Box 11060, Adelaide 5001, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renuka","family":"Visvanathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Health and Medical Research Council Centre of Research Excellence in Frailty and Healthy Aging, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia"},{"name":"Director Aged and Extended Care, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, 28 Woodville Road, Adelaide 5011, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian D.","family":"Cameron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Head John Walsh Centre for Rehabilitation Research, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25475","article-title":"Phenomenology and classification of dystonia: A consensus update","volume":"28","author":"Albanese","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mov. 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Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2009.10.014","article-title":"Evaluation of gait symmetry after stroke: A comparison of current methods and recommendations for standardization","volume":"31","author":"Patterson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"026113","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3147408","article-title":"Gait dynamics in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Common and distinct behavior among Stride length, gait variability, and fractal-like scaling","volume":"19","author":"Hausdorff","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chaos"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2013.01.013","article-title":"The Gait Variability Index: A new way to quantify fluctuation magnitude of spatiotemporal parameters During gait","volume":"38","author":"Gouelle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1927","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288.2015.1107781","article-title":"Frequency and characteristics of goal attainment following BoNTA injection for management of spasticity","volume":"38","author":"Mullins","year":"2016","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2017.10.009","article-title":"Incobotulinum toxin A in Parkinson\u2019s disease with foot dystonia: A double blind randomized trial","volume":"46","author":"Rieu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Park. Relat. 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