{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T13:39:03Z","timestamp":1776433143456,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,8]],"date-time":"2009-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1260230400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sea snakes (family: Hydrophiidae) are serpents found in the coastal areas of the Indian and Pacific Oceans. There are two subfamilies in Hydrophiidae: Hydrophiinae and Laticaudinae. A toxin, aagardi toxin, was isolated from the venom of the Hydrophiinae snake, Hydrophis torquatus aagardi and its chemical properties such as molecular weight, isoelectric point, importance of disulfide bonds, lack of enzymatic activity and amino acid sequence were determined. The amino acid sequence indicated a close relationship to the primary structure of other Hydrophiinae toxins and a significant difference from Laticaudinae toxins, confirming that primary toxin structure is closely related to sea snake phylogenecity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins1020162","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,8]],"date-time":"2009-12-08T13:44:53Z","timestamp":1260279893000},"page":"162-172","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Isolation and Chemical Characterization of a Toxin Isolated from the Venom of the Sea Snake, Hydrophis torquatus aagardi"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Masaya","family":"Nagamizu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yumiko","family":"Komori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kei-ichi","family":"Uchiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Toshiaki","family":"Nikai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anthony T.","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Ft. 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