{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T23:47:15Z","timestamp":1782517635645,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,10]],"date-time":"2019-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1547078400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Problemas Nacionales 246924 (Convocatoria 2014)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Problemas Nacionales 246924 (Convocatoria 2014)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The recombinant antibody fragments generated against the toxic components of scorpion venoms are considered a promising alternative for obtaining new antivenoms for therapy. Using directed evolution and site-directed mutagenesis, it was possible to generate a human single-chain antibody fragment with a broad cross-reactivity that retained recognition for its original antigen. This variant is the first antibody fragment that neutralizes the effect of an estimated 13 neurotoxins present in the venom of nine species of Mexican scorpions. This single antibody fragment showed the properties of a polyvalent antivenom. These results represent a significant advance in the development of new antivenoms against scorpion stings, since the number of components would be minimized due to their broad cross-neutralization capacity, while at the same time bypassing animal immunization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11010032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,11]],"date-time":"2019-01-11T04:10:16Z","timestamp":1547179816000},"page":"32","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Generation of a Broadly Cross-Neutralizing Antibody Fragment against Several Mexican Scorpion Venoms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Lidia","family":"Ria\u00f1o-Umbarila","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CONACYT, Instituto de Biotecnolog\u00eda\u2014Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Apartado Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62250, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7200-2310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilse V.","family":"G\u00f3mez-Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnolog\u00eda, UNAM, Apartado Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62250, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis M.","family":"Ledezma-Candanoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnolog\u00eda, UNAM, Apartado Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62250, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timoteo","family":"Olamendi-Portugal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnolog\u00eda, UNAM, Apartado Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62250, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7445-2830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Everardo Remi","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnolog\u00eda, UNAM, Apartado Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62250, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guillermo","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Taboada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnolog\u00eda, UNAM, Apartado Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62250, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6357-2661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lourival D.","family":"Possani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnolog\u00eda, UNAM, Apartado Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62250, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8348-8029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Baltazar","family":"Becerril","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnolog\u00eda, UNAM, Apartado Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62250, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2017.08.022","article-title":"Updating knowledge on new medically important scorpion species in Mexico","volume":"138","author":"Guereca","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2005.09.006","article-title":"Overview of scorpion toxins specific for Na+ channels and related peptides: Biodiversity, structure-function relationships and evolution","volume":"46","author":"Possani","year":"2005","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1432-1327.1999.00625.x","article-title":"Scorpion toxins specific for Na+-channels","volume":"264","author":"Possani","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. 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