{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T08:16:53Z","timestamp":1765354613472,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,14]],"date-time":"2019-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1547424000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Plant natural products can attenuate the myonecrosis caused by Bothrops snake venom and their phospholipases A2 (PLA2). In this study, we evaluated the effects of two fractions (F4 and F6) from Swietenia macrophylla and purified catechin on the muscle damage caused by a myotoxic PLA2 from Colombian Bothrops asper venom (BaColPLA2) in mice and by Bothrops marmoratus venom from Brazil in mouse phrenic nerve-diaphragm muscle (PND) preparations in vitro. Male mice were injected with PLA2 (50 \u00b5g) in the absence or presence of F4, F6, and catechin, in the gastrocnemius muscle and then killed 3, 7, 14, and 28 h later for histopathological analysis of myonecrosis, leukocyte infiltration, and the presence of collagen. Fractions F4 and F6 (500 \u00b5g) and catechin (90 \u00b5g) significantly reduced the extent of necrosis at all-time intervals. These two fractions and catechin also attenuated the leukocyte infiltration on day 3, as did catechin on day 14. There was medium-to-moderate collagen deposition in all groups up to day 7, but greater deposition on days 14 and 28 in the presence of F6 and catechin. Bothrops marmoratus venom (100 \u00b5g\/mL) caused slight (~25%) muscle facilitation after 10 min and weak neuromuscular blockade (~64% decrease in contractile activity after a 120-min incubation). Pre-incubation of venom with F4 or F6 abolished the facilitation, whereas catechin, which was itself facilitatory, did not. All three fractions attenuated the venom-induced decrease in muscle contractions. These findings indicate that fractions and catechin from S. macrophylla can reduce the muscle damage caused by Bothrops venom and PLA2. These fractions or their components could be useful for treating venom-induced local damage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11010040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,14]],"date-time":"2019-01-14T12:20:07Z","timestamp":1547468407000},"page":"40","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Effects of Two Fractions of Swietenia macrophylla and Catechin on Muscle Damage Induced by Bothrops Venom and PLA2"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Silvia Posada","family":"Arias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Administrative and Agricultural Sciences, Corporaci\u00f3n Universitaria Lasallista, Caldas 055440, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Berardo","family":"de Jes\u00fas Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agrarian Sciences, Universidad de Antioquia, Medell\u00edn 050036, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2609-491X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatiana","family":"Lobo-Echeverri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medell\u00edn 050034, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raphael Shezaro","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP 13083-887, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Hyslop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP 13083-887, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vitelbina N\u00fa\u00f1ez","family":"Rangel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology School, Universidad de Antioquia, Medell\u00edn 050010, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"515","article-title":"Snake-bites: Appraisal of the global situation","volume":"76","author":"Chippaux","year":"1998","journal-title":"Bull. 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