{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T08:17:27Z","timestamp":1793089047854,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,16]],"date-time":"2019-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1547596800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The protein-bound uremic toxins para-cresyl sulfate (pCS) and indoxyl sulfate (IS) are associated with cardiovascular disease in chronic renal failure, but the effect of different dialysis procedures on their plasma levels over time is poorly studied. The present prospective, randomized, cross-over trial tested dialysis efficacy and monitored pre-treatment pCS and IS concentrations in 15 patients on low-flux and high-flux hemodialysis and high-convective volume postdilution hemodiafiltration over six weeks each. Although hemodiafiltration achieved by far the highest toxin removal, only the mean total IS level was decreased at week three (16.6 \u00b1 12.1 mg\/L) compared to baseline (18.9 \u00b1 13.0 mg\/L, p = 0.027) and to low-flux dialysis (20.0 \u00b1 12.7 mg\/L, p = 0.021). At week six, the total IS concentration in hemodiafiltration reached the initial values again. Concentrations of free IS and free and total pCS remained unaltered. Highest beta2-microglobulin elimination in hemodiafiltration (p &lt; 0.001) led to a persistent decrease of the plasma levels at week three and six (each p &lt; 0.001). In contrast, absent removal in low-flux dialysis resulted in rising beta2-microglobulin concentrations (p &lt; 0.001). In conclusion, this trial demonstrated that even large differences in instantaneous protein-bound toxin removal by current extracorporeal dialysis techniques may have only limited impact on IS and pCS plasma levels in the longer term.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11010047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,16]],"date-time":"2019-01-16T03:09:13Z","timestamp":1547608153000},"page":"47","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Differences in Dialysis Efficacy Have Limited Effects on Protein-Bound Uremic Toxins Plasma Levels over Time"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9173-4859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Detlef H.","family":"Krieter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, University Hospital W\u00fcrzburg, 97080 W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Kerwagen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, University Hospital W\u00fcrzburg, 97080 W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2369-1639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marieke","family":"R\u00fcth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"eXcorLab GmbH, 63785 Obernburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Horst-Dieter","family":"Lemke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"eXcorLab GmbH, 63785 Obernburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Wanner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, University Hospital W\u00fcrzburg, 97080 W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(16)00033-4","article-title":"European Renal Association European Dialysis; Transplant Association (ERA-EDTA) European Renal; Cardiovascular Medicine (EURECA-m) working group. 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