{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T12:45:51Z","timestamp":1789908351134,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,1]],"date-time":"2019-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548979200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010198","name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda, Industria y Competitividad, Gobierno de Espa\u00f1a","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BFU2013-42833-P"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BFU2013-42833-P"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010198","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades, Gobierno de Espa\u00f1a","award":["BFU2017-89103-P"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BFU2017-89103-P"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005299","name":"Vicerrector\u00eda de Investigaci\u00f3n, Universidad de Costa Rica","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["741-B7-108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["741-B7-108"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005299","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The common European adder, Vipera berus berus, is a medically relevant species, which is widely distributed in Russia and thus, is responsible for most snakebite accidents in Russia. We have investigated the toxic and enzymatic activities and have determined the proteomic composition of its venom. Phospholipases A2 (PLA2, 25.3% of the venom proteome), serine proteinases (SVSP, 16.2%), metalloproteinases (SVMP, 17.2%), vasoactive peptides (bradykinin-potentiating peptides (BPPs), 9.5% and C-type natriuretic peptides (C-NAP, 7.8%), cysteine-rich secretory protein (CRISP, 8%) and L-amino acid oxidase (LAO, 7.3%) represent the major toxin classes found in V. b. berus (Russia) venom. This study was also designed to assess the in vivo and in vitro preclinical efficacy of the Russian Microgen antivenom in neutralizing the main effects of V. b. berus venom. The results show that this antivenom is capable of neutralizing the lethal, hemorrhagic and PLA2 activities. Third-generation antivenomics was applied to quantify the toxin-recognition landscape and the maximal binding capacity of the antivenom for each component of the venom. The antivenomics analysis revealed that 6.24% of the anti-V. b. berus F(ab\u2019)2 molecules fraction are toxin-binding antibodies, 60% of which represent clinically relevant antivenom molecules.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11020090","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,1]],"date-time":"2019-02-01T11:19:58Z","timestamp":1549019998000},"page":"90","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Vipera berus berus Venom from Russia: Venomics, Bioactivities and Preclinical Assessment of Microgen Antivenom"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Ruslan I.","family":"Al-Shekhadat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LLC Innova Plus, Saint-Petersburg 198099, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ksenia S.","family":"Lopushanskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LLC Innova Plus, Saint-Petersburg 198099, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1lvaro","family":"Segura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiolog\u00eda, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jos\u00e9 11501-206, Costa Rica"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8385-3081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiolog\u00eda, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jos\u00e9 11501-206, Costa Rica"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5026-3122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan J.","family":"Calvete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Ven\u00f3mica Evolutiva y Traslacional, CSIC, Jaime Roig 11, 46010 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davinia","family":"Pla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Ven\u00f3mica Evolutiva y Traslacional, CSIC, Jaime Roig 11, 46010 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1006\/mpev.2001.0912","article-title":"Evolutionary relationships among the true vipers (Reptilia: Viperidae) inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences","volume":"19","author":"Lenk","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol. 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