{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:33:31Z","timestamp":1760240011717,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,15]],"date-time":"2019-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1550188800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 107-2221-E-007-112-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 107-2221-E-007-112-MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Candida albicans (C. albicans) is the most prevalent fungal species. Although it is a healthy microbiota, genetic and epigenetic alterations in host and pathogen, and microenvironment changes would lead to thrush, vaginal yeast infection, and even hematogenously disseminated infection. Despite the fact that cytotoxicity is well-characterized, few studies discuss the genome-wide genetic and epigenetic molecular mechanisms between host and C. albicans. The aim of this study is to identify drug targets and design a multiple-molecule drug to prevent the infection from C. albicans. To investigate the common and specific pathogenic mechanisms in human oral epithelial OKF6\/TERT-2 cells during the C. albicans infection in different strains, systems modeling and big databases mining were used to construct candidate host\u2013pathogen genetic and epigenetic interspecies network (GEIN). System identification and system order detection are applied on two-sided next generation sequencing (NGS) data to build real host\u2013pathogen cross-talk GEINs. Core host\u2013pathogen cross-talk networks (HPCNs) are extracted by principal network projection (PNP) method. By comparing with core HPCNs in different strains of C. albicans, common pathogenic mechanisms were investigated and several drug targets were suggested as follows: orf19.5034 (YBP1) with the ability of anti-ROS; orf19.939 (NAM7), orf19.2087 (SAS2), orf19.1093 (FLO8) and orf19.1854 (HHF22) with high correlation to the hyphae growth and pathogen protein interaction; orf19.5585 (SAP5), orf19.5542 (SAP6) and orf19.4519 (SUV3) with the cause of biofilm formation. Eventually, five corresponding compounds\u2014Tunicamycin, Terbinafine, Cerulenin, Tetracycline and Tetrandrine\u2014with three known drugs could be considered as a potential multiple-molecule drug for therapeutic treatment of C. albicans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11020119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,17]],"date-time":"2019-02-17T22:11:50Z","timestamp":1550441510000},"page":"119","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Investigating Common Pathogenic Mechanisms between Homo sapiens and Different Strains of Candida albicans for Drug Design: Systems Biology Approach via Two-Sided NGS Data Identification"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Shan-Ju","family":"Yeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Control and Systems Biology, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chun-Chieh","family":"Yeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Control and Systems Biology, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chung-Yu","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bor-Sen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Control and Systems Biology, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Chungli 32003, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.2014.916210","article-title":"Pathogenicity mechanisms and host response during oral Candida albicans infections","volume":"12","author":"Hebecker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti-Infect. Ther."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Williams, D.W., Jordan, R.P., Wei, X.Q., Alves, C.T., Wise, M.P., Wilson, M.J., and Lewis, M.A. (2013). Interactions of Candida albicans with host epithelial surfaces. J. Oral Microbiol., 5.","DOI":"10.3402\/jom.v5i0.22434"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.169.1.189-197.1987","article-title":"\u201cWhite-opaque transition\u201d: A second high-frequency switching system in Candida albicans","volume":"169","author":"Slutsky","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D358","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gki003","article-title":"The candida genome database (CGD), a community resource for Candida albicans gene and protein information","volume":"33","author":"Arnaud","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11965","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1109631108","article-title":"DNA methylation regulates phenotype-dependent transcriptional activity in Candida albicans","volume":"108","author":"Mishra","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2009.01668.x","article-title":"Cross-kingdom interactions: Candida albicans and bacteria","volume":"299","author":"Shirtliff","year":"2009","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2012","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2006.323","article-title":"Development of a highly reproducible three-dimensional organotypic model of the oral mucosa","volume":"1","author":"Kashleva","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.22913","article-title":"Candida albicans pathogenicity mechanisms","volume":"4","author":"Mayer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goyer, M., Loiselet, A., Bon, F., L\u2019Ollivier, C., Laue, M., Holland, G., Bonnin, A., and Dalle, F. (2016). Intestinal cell tight junctions limit invasion of Candida albicans through active penetration and endocytosis in the early stages of the interaction of the fungus with the intestinal barrier. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0149159"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Phan, Q.T., Myers, C.l., Fu, Y., Sheppard, D.C., Yeaman, M.R., Welch, W.H., Ibrahim, A.S., Edwards, J.E., and Filler, S.G. (2007). Als3 is a Candida albicans invasin that binds to cadherins and induces endocytosis by host cells. PLoS Biol., 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0050064"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14194","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1117676109","article-title":"EGFR and HER2 receptor kinase signaling mediate epithelial cell invasion by Candida albicans during oropharyngeal infection","volume":"109","author":"Zhu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3577","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.137.11.3577","article-title":"Expression of specific binding sites on candida with functional and antigenic characteristics of human complement receptors","volume":"137","author":"Edwards","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2005.00616.x","article-title":"Contributions of hyphae and hypha-co-regulated genes to Candida albicans virulence","volume":"7","author":"Kumamoto","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y.-C., Lan, C.-Y., Hsieh, W.-P., Murillo, L.A., Agabian, N., and Chen, B.-S. (2010). Global screening of potential Candida albicans biofilm-related transcription factors via network comparison. BMC Bioinf., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-11-53"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"4090","article-title":"EFG1 is a major regulator of cell wall dynamics in Candida albicans as revealed by DNA microarrays","volume":"183","author":"Sohn","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, C.-C., and Chen, B.-S. (2016). A systems biology approach to the coordination of defensive and offensive molecular mechanisms in the innate and adaptive host\u2013pathogen interaction networks. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0149303"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201106011","article-title":"Impenetrable barriers or entry portals? The role of cell\u2013cell adhesion during infection","volume":"195","author":"Bonazzi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nobile, C.J., Andes, D.R., Nett, J.E., Smith, F.J., Yue, F., Phan, Q.-T., Edwards, J.E., Filler, S.G., and Mitchell, A.P. (2006). Critical role of bcr1-dependent adhesins in C. albicans biofilm formation in vitro and in vivo. PLoS Pathogens., 2.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0020063"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2498","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.1239303","article-title":"Cytoscape: A software environment for integrated models of biomolecular interaction networks","volume":"13","author":"Shannon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2008.211","article-title":"Systematic and integrative analysis of large gene lists using david bioinformatics resources","volume":"4","author":"Sherman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"172","article-title":"Down-regulation of the als3 gene as a consequent effect of rna-mediated silencing of the efg1 gene in Candida albicans","volume":"16","author":"Moazeni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Iran. Biomed. J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1224339","article-title":"Global gene deletion analysis exploring yeast filamentous growth","volume":"337","author":"Ryan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00103-12","article-title":"Divergent targets of Candida albicans biofilm regulator Bcr1 in vitro and in vivo","volume":"11","author":"Fanning","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eukaryotic. Cell"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"616","article-title":"Thioredoxin regulates multiple hydrogen peroxide-induced signaling pathways in Candida albicans","volume":"31","author":"Patterson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2244","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2013.5199","article-title":"Ybp1 and Gpx3 signaling in Candida albicans govern hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidation of the cap1 transcription factor and macrophage escape","volume":"19","author":"Patterson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6782","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7782","article-title":"The E3 ubiquitin ligase Trim7 mediates c-Jun\/AP-1 activation by ras signalling","volume":"6","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.11.019","article-title":"Phosphoribosylation of ubiquitin promotes serine ubiquitination and impairs conventional ubiquitination","volume":"167","author":"Bhogaraju","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.1.352-358.2004","article-title":"Innate immune response of oral and foreskin keratinocytes: Utilization of different signaling pathways by various bacterial species","volume":"72","author":"Chung","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1002\/bip.20193","article-title":"Engineering disulfide bonds of the novel human beta-defensins hbd-27 and hbd-28: Differences in disulfide formation and biological activity among human beta-defensins","volume":"80","author":"Schulz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biopolymers"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"853","article-title":"The inhibitory effect of the proinflammatory cytokine TNFalpha on erythroid differentiation involves erythroid transcription factor modulation","volume":"34","author":"Buck","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1462-5822.2003.00265.x","article-title":"JlpA of campylobacter jejuni interacts with surface-exposed heat shock protein 90alpha and triggers signalling pathways leading to the activation of nf-kappab and p38 MAP kinase in epithelial cells","volume":"5","author":"Jin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2010.07.132","article-title":"ER regulates an evolutionarily conserved apoptosis pathway","volume":"400","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"2615","article-title":"Multiple post-translational modifications regulate e-cadherin transport during apoptosis","volume":"125","author":"Geng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006804723722","article-title":"Complex mechanisms for c-fos and c-jun degradation","volume":"24","author":"Salvat","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2005.09.011","article-title":"A nuclear function of beta-arrestin1 in GPCR signaling: Regulation of histone acetylation and gene transcription","volume":"123","author":"Kang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3679","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00233-09","article-title":"Complement C3 plays an essential role in the control of opportunistic fungal infections","volume":"77","author":"Tsoni","year":"2009","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.21300","article-title":"Transcriptional responses of human epidermal keratinocytes to cytokine interleukin-1","volume":"214","author":"Yano","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4754","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00789-10","article-title":"The inflammatory response induced by aspartic proteases of Candida albicans is independent of proteolytic activity","volume":"78","author":"Pietrella","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1159\/000453147","article-title":"AntimiR-30b inhibits TNF-alpha mediated apoptosis and attenuated cartilage degradation through enhancing autophagy","volume":"40","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2011.07.066","article-title":"Linear ubiquitination in NF-kappab signaling and inflammation: What we do understand and what we do not","volume":"82","author":"Verhelst","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4655","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.9.4655-4660.1999","article-title":"Control of white-opaque phenotypic switching in Candida albicans by the Efg1p morphogenetic regulator","volume":"67","author":"Sonneborn","year":"1999","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.174623.114","article-title":"Genetic and phenotypic intra-species variation in Candida albicans","volume":"25","author":"Hirakawa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s00294-015-0540-8","article-title":"Environmental pH adaption and morphological transitions in Candida albicans","volume":"62","author":"Du","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Genet."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1834-7819.2010.01198.x","article-title":"Oral fungal infections: An update for the general practitioner","volume":"55","author":"Farah","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aust. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"625","article-title":"Host-pathogen interactions between the human innate immune system and Candida albicans\u2014Understanding and modeling defense and evasion strategies","volume":"6","author":"Germerodt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e37385","DOI":"10.5812\/jjm.37385","article-title":"Resistance of Candida albicans biofilms to drugs and the host immune system","volume":"9","author":"Sandai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Jundishapur J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1936","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis607","article-title":"Candida albicans biofilms do not trigger reactive oxygen species and evade neutrophil killing","volume":"206","author":"Xie","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ933","article-title":"Clinical practice guideline for the management of candidiasis: 2016 update by the infectious diseases society of america","volume":"62","author":"Pappas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2126","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00054-07","article-title":"Mucosal tissue invasion by Candida albicans is associated with E-cadherin degradation, mediated by transcription factor Rim101p and protease Sap5p","volume":"75","author":"Villar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, D., Jiang, B., Ketela, T., Lemieux, S., Veillette, K., Martel, N., Davison, J., Sillaots, S., Trosok, S., and Bachewich, C. (2007). Genome-wide fitness test and mechanism-of-action studies of inhibitory compounds in Candida albicans. PLoS Pathog., 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0030092"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01072-07","article-title":"Tetracycline-inducible expression of individual secreted aspartic proteases in Candida albicans allows isoenzyme-specific inhibitor screening","volume":"52","author":"Staib","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2401","DOI":"10.2174\/092986711795843182","article-title":"Aspartic protease inhibitors as potential anti-Candida albicans drugs: Impacts on fungal biology, virulence and pathogenesis","volume":"18","author":"Santos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1805","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.6.1805-1817.2003","article-title":"Ciclopirox olamine treatment affects the expression pattern of Candida albicans genes encoding virulence factors, iron metabolism proteins, and drug resistance factors","volume":"47","author":"Niewerth","year":"2003","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, L.X., Li, D.D., Hu, D.-D., Hu, G.-H., Yan, L., Wang, Y., and Jiang, Y.Y. (2013). Effect of tetrandrine against Candida albicans biofilms. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0079671"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2006.01357.x","article-title":"Antimicrobials as a contributory factor in oral candidosis\u2014A brief overview","volume":"14","author":"Soysa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1007\/s12275-015-5488-3","article-title":"Histone deacetylase-mediated morphological transition in Candida albicans","volume":"53","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.187427.114","article-title":"New signaling pathways govern the host response to C. albicans infection in various niches","volume":"25","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D857","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkr930","article-title":"Mint, the molecular interaction database: 2012 update","volume":"40","author":"Licata","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D358","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkt1115","article-title":"The mintact project\u2014intact as a common curation platform for 11 molecular interaction databases","volume":"42","author":"Orchard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D449","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkh086","article-title":"The database of interacting proteins: 2004 update","volume":"32","author":"Salwinski","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkg056","article-title":"Bind: The biomolecular interaction network database","volume":"31","author":"Bader","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D470","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gku1204","article-title":"The biogrid interaction database: 2015 update","volume":"43","author":"Breitkreutz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Friard, O., Re, A., Taverna, D., De Bortoli, M., and Cor\u00e1, D. (2010). Circuitsdb: A database of mixed microrna\/transcription factor feed-forward regulatory circuits in human and mouse. BMC Bioinf., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-11-435"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2416","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btn439","article-title":"Itfp: An integrated platform of mammalian transcription factors","volume":"24","author":"Zheng","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y.-C., Lin, C., Chuang, M.-T., Hsieh, W.-P., Lan, C.-Y., Chuang, Y.-J., and Chen, B.-S. (2013). Interspecies protein-protein interaction network construction for characterization of host-pathogen interactions: A Candida albicans-zebrafish interaction study. BMC Syst. Biol., 7.","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-0509-7-79"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/26.1.73","article-title":"SGD: Saccharomyces genome database","volume":"26","author":"Cherry","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D362","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw937","article-title":"The string database in 2017: Quality-controlled protein\u2013protein association networks, made broadly accessible","volume":"45","author":"Szklarczyk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D447","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gku1003","article-title":"String v10: Protein\u2013protein interaction networks, integrated over the tree of life","volume":"43","author":"Szklarczyk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7600122","article-title":"The Zap1 transcriptional activator also acts as a repressor by binding downstream of the TATA box in ZET2","volume":"23","author":"Bird","year":"2004","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, H.-F., and Lan, C.-Y. (2015). Role of sfp1 in the regulation of Candida albicans biofilm formation. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0129903"},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"739","article-title":"Yeast Cbk1 and Mob2 activate daughter-specific genetic programs to induce asymmetric cell fates","volume":"107","author":"Chin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murciano, C., Moyes, D.L., Runglall, M., Tobouti, P., Islam, A., Hoyer, L.L., and Naglik, J.R. (2012). Evaluation of the role of Candida albicans agglutinin-like sequence (Als) proteins in human oral epithelial cell interactions. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0033362"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, J.N., Solis, N.V., Phan, Q.T., Bajwa, J.S., Kashleva, H., Thompson, A., Liu, Y., Dongari-Bagtzoglou, A., Edgerton, M., and Filler, S.G. (2010). Host cell invasion and virulence mediated by Candida albicans Ssa1. PLoS Pathogens., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001181"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1379\/CSC-254R.1","article-title":"Characterizing the role of Hsp90 in production of heat shock proteins in motor neurons reveals a suppressive effect of wild-type Hsf1","volume":"12","author":"Taylor","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Stress Chaperones."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00340-06","article-title":"Developmental regulation of an adhesin gene during cellular morphogenesis in the fungal pathogen Candida albicans","volume":"6","author":"Argimon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eukaryot. Cell"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00163-12","article-title":"Expression of UME6, a key regulator of Candida albicans hyphal development, enhances biofilm formation via Hgc1- and Sun41-dependent mechanisms","volume":"12","author":"Banerjee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eukaryot. Cell"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bastidas, R.J., Heitman, J., and Cardenas, M.E. (2009). The protein kinase Tor1 regulates adhesin gene expression in Candida albicans. PLoS Pathog., 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000294"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4753","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/20.17.4753","article-title":"NRG1, a repressor of filamentous growth in C. albicans, is down-regulated during filament induction","volume":"20","author":"Braun","year":"2001","journal-title":"EMBO J."}],"container-title":["Toxins"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6651\/11\/2\/119\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:32:19Z","timestamp":1760185939000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6651\/11\/2\/119"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,15]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]}},"alternative-id":["toxins11020119"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxins11020119","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6651"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-6651"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,15]]}}}