{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T15:22:29Z","timestamp":1787239349845,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]],"date-time":"2019-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551398400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, BMBF staphbone","award":["Staphbone"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Staphbone"]}]},{"name":"Strategy and Innovation Grant from the Free State of Thuringia","award":["41-5507-2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41-5507-2016"]}]},{"name":"Leibniz Science Campus InfectoOptics","award":["SAS-2015-HKI-LWC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SAS-2015-HKI-LWC"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Staphylococcus aureus colonizes epithelial surfaces, but it can also cause severe infections. The aim of this work was to investigate whether bacterial virulence correlates with defined types of tissue infections. For this, we collected 10\u201312 clinical S. aureus strains each from nasal colonization, and from patients with endoprosthesis infection, hematogenous osteomyelitis, and sepsis. All strains were characterized by genotypic analysis, and by the expression of virulence factors. The host\u2013pathogen interaction was studied through several functional assays in osteoblast cultures. Additionally, selected strains were tested in a murine sepsis\/osteomyelitis model. We did not find characteristic bacterial features for the defined infection types; rather, a wide range in all strain collections regarding cytotoxicity and invasiveness was observed. Interestingly, all strains were able to persist and to form small colony variants (SCVs). However, the low-cytotoxicity strains survived in higher numbers, and were less efficiently cleared by the host than the highly cytotoxic strains. In summary, our results indicate that not only destructive, but also low-cytotoxicity strains are able to induce infections. The low-cytotoxicity strains can successfully survive, and are less efficiently cleared from the host than the highly cytotoxic strains, which represent a source for chronic infections. The understanding of this interplay\/evolution between the host and the pathogen during infection, with specific attention towards low-cytotoxicity isolates, will help to optimize treatment strategies for invasive and therapy-refractory infection courses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11030135","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,4]],"date-time":"2019-03-04T05:45:36Z","timestamp":1551678336000},"page":"135","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Clinical S. aureus Isolates Vary in Their Virulence to Promote Adaptation to the Host"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9328-5302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorena","family":"Tuchscherr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany"},{"name":"Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"P\u00f6llath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany"},{"name":"Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anke","family":"Siegmund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefanie","family":"Deinhardt-Emmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany"},{"name":"Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Verena","family":"Hoerr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany"},{"name":"Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9723-9063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carl-Magnus","family":"Svensson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Systems Biology, Leibniz-Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, 07745 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4044-9166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc","family":"Thilo Figge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Systems Biology, Leibniz-Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, 07745 Jena, Germany"},{"name":"Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Monecke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), 07745 Jena, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, 01307 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bettina","family":"L\u00f6ffler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany"},{"name":"Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.10.3.505","article-title":"Nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus: Epidemiology, underlying mechanisms, and associated risks","volume":"10","author":"Kluytmans","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin. 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