{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T20:03:45Z","timestamp":1788206625325,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,5]],"date-time":"2019-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551744000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The European continent is inhabited by medically important venomous Viperinae snakes. Vipera ammodytes, Vipera berus, and Vipera aspis cause the greatest public health problems in Europe, but there are other equally significant snakes in specific regions of the continent. Immunotherapy is indicated for patients with systemic envenoming, of which there are approximately 4000 annual cases in Europe, and was suggested as an indication for young children and pregnant women, even if they do not have systemic symptoms. In the present study, the safety and venom-neutralizing efficacy of Inoserp Europe\u2014a new F(ab\u2019)2 polyvalent antivenom, designed to treat envenoming by snakes in the Eurasian region\u2014were evaluated. In accordance with World Health Organization recommendations, several quality control parameters were applied to evaluate the safety of this antivenom. The venom-neutralizing efficacy of the antivenom was evaluated in mice and the results showed it had appropriate neutralizing potency against the venoms of several species of Vipera, Montivipera, and Macrovipera. Paraspecificity of the antivenom was demonstrated as well, since it neutralized venoms of species not included in the immunization schemes and contains satisfactory levels of total proteins and F(ab\u2019)2 fragment concentration. Therefore, this new polyvalent antivenom could be effective in the treatment of snake envenoming in Europe, including Western Russia and Turkey.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11030149","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,5]],"date-time":"2019-03-05T11:19:50Z","timestamp":1551784790000},"page":"149","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Preclinical Assessment of a New Polyvalent Antivenom (Inoserp Europe) against Several Species of the Subfamily Viperinae"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Garc\u00eda-Arredondo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n Qu\u00edmica y Farmacol\u00f3gica de Productos Naturales, Facultad de Qu\u00edmica, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Quer\u00e9taro, Quer\u00e9taro 76010, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veteria Labs, S.A. de C.V. Lucerna 7, Col. Ju\u00e1rez, Del. Cuauht\u00e9moc, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 06600, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arlene","family":"Calder\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inosan Biopharma, S.A. Arbea Campus Empresarial, Edificio 2, Planta 2, Carretera Fuencarral a Alcobendas, Km 3.8, 28108 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asunci\u00f3n","family":"Sald\u00edvar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veteria Labs, S.A. de C.V. Lucerna 7, Col. Ju\u00e1rez, Del. Cuauht\u00e9moc, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 06600, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ra\u00fal","family":"Soria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inosan Biopharma, S.A. Arbea Campus Empresarial, Edificio 2, Planta 2, Carretera Fuencarral a Alcobendas, Km 3.8, 28108 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2018, October 14). Venomous Snakes Distribution and Species Risk Categories. Available online: http:\/\/apps.who.int\/bloodproducts\/snakeantivenoms\/database\/."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2017). Guidelines for the Production, Control and Regulation of Snake Antivenom Immunoglobulins. Annex 5. WHO Tech. 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