{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T10:33:25Z","timestamp":1792665205142,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,29]],"date-time":"2019-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1553817600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002848","name":"Comisi\u00f3n Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y Tecnol\u00f3gica","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CONICYT + PAI\/CONCURSO NACIONAL INSERCION EN LA ACADEMIA CONVOCATORIA 2015, 79150008 (G. \u00c1lvarez) CONVOCATORIA 2016, 79160065 (P.A. D\u00edaz)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CONICYT + PAI\/CONCURSO NACIONAL INSERCION EN LA ACADEMIA CONVOCATORIA 2015, 79150008 (G. \u00c1lvarez) CONVOCATORIA 2016, 79160065 (P.A. D\u00edaz)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002848","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In late February 2016, a harmful algal bloom (HAB) of Alexandrium catenella was detected in southern Chilo\u00e9, leading to the banning of shellfish harvesting in an extended geographical area (~500 km). On April 24, 2016, this bloom produced a massive beaching (an accumulation on the beach surface of dead or impaired organisms which were drifted ashore) of surf clams Mesodesma donacium in Cucao Bay, Chilo\u00e9. To determine the effect of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins in M. donacium, samples were taken from Cucao during the third massive beaching detected on May 3, 2016. Whole tissue toxicity evidence a high interindividual variability with values which ranged from 1008 to 8763 \u03bcg STX eq 100 g\u22121 and with a toxin profile dominated by GTX3, GTX1, GTX2, GTX4, and neoSTX. Individuals were dissected into digestive gland (DG), foot (FT), adductor muscle (MU), and other body fractions (OBF), and histopathological and toxin analyses were carried out on the obtained fractions. Some pathological conditions were observed in gill and digestive gland of 40\u201350% of the individuals that correspond to hemocyte aggregation and haemocytic infiltration, respectively. The most toxic tissue was DG (2221 \u03bcg STX eq 100 g\u22121), followed by OBF (710 \u03bcg STX eq 100 g\u22121), FT (297 \u03bcg STX eq 100 g\u22121), and MU (314 \u03bcg STX eq 100 g\u22121). The observed surf clam mortality seems to have been mainly due to the desiccation caused by the incapability of the clams to burrow. Considering the available information of the monitoring program and taking into account that this episode was the first detected along the open coast of the Pacific Ocean in southern Chilo\u00e9, it is very likely that the M. donacium population from Cucao Bay has not had a recurrent exposition to A. catenella and, consequently, that it has not been subjected to high selective pressure for PSP resistance. However, more research is needed to determine the effects of PSP toxins on behavioral and physiological responses, nerve sensitivity, and genetic\/molecular basis for the resistance or sensitivity of M. donacium.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11040188","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,29]],"date-time":"2019-03-29T13:09:58Z","timestamp":1553864998000},"page":"188","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Paralytic Shellfish Toxins in Surf Clams Mesodesma donacium during a Large Bloom of Alexandrium catenella Dinoflagellates Associated to an Intense Shellfish Mass Mortality"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5812-1559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gonzalo","family":"\u00c1lvarez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo 1781421, Chile"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo Tecnol\u00f3gico en Algas (CIDTA), Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9403-8151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricio A.","family":"D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro i\u223cmar &amp; CeBiB, Universidad de Los Lagos, Casilla 557, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0523-7536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcos","family":"Godoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Biotecnolog\u00eda Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad San Sebasti\u00e1n, Lago Panguipulli 1390, Puerto Montt 5501842, Chile"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones Biol\u00f3gicas Aplicadas (CIBA), Diego de Almagro 1013, Puerto Montt 5507964, Chile"},{"name":"Doctorado en Acuicultura, Programa Cooperativo Universidad de Chile, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Norte, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Valpara\u00edso, Coquimbo 17811421, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6142-7823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Araya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo Tecnol\u00f3gico en Algas (CIDTA), Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iranzu","family":"Ganuza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo 1781421, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Pino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo 1781421, Chile"},{"name":"Doctorado en Acuicultura, Programa Cooperativo Universidad de Chile, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Norte, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Valpara\u00edso, Coquimbo 17811421, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"\u00c1lvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo 1781421, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4324-6820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Rengel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo 1781421, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Salud P\u00fablica, Seremi de Salud Regi\u00f3n de Los Lagos, Crucero 1915, Puerto Montt 5505081, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Uribe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo 1781421, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2123-7747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"Blanco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3ns Mari\u00f1as (Xunta de Galicia), Apto. 13, 36620 Vilanova de Arousa, Pontevedra, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Paralytic shellfish poisoning: A review","volume":"388802005","author":"Mons","year":"1998","journal-title":"Rivm Rep."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2011.10.012","article-title":"The globally distributed genus Alexandrium: Multifaceted roles in marine ecosystems and impacts on human health","volume":"14","author":"Anderson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Kim, H.G., Reguera, B., Hallegraeff, G., Lee, C.K., Han, M.S., and Choi, J.K. 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