{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T06:22:13Z","timestamp":1790490133820,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,4]],"date-time":"2019-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1554336000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI113266"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI113266"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mycolactone, the amphiphilic macrolide toxin secreted by Mycobacterium ulcerans, plays a significant role in the pathology and manifestations of Buruli ulcer (BU). Consequently, it follows that the toxin is a suitable target for the development of diagnostics and therapeutics for this disease. Yet, several challenges have deterred such development. For one, the lipophilic nature of the toxin makes it difficult to handle and store and contributes to variability associated with laboratory experimentation and purification yields. In this manuscript, we have attempted to incorporate our understanding of the lipophilicity of mycolactone in order to define the optimal methods for the storage, handling, and purification of this toxin. We present a systematic correlation of variability associated with measurement techniques (thin-layer chromatography (TLC), mass spectrometry (MS), and UV-Vis spectrometry), storage conditions, choice of solvents, as well as the impact of each of these on toxin function as assessed by cellular cytotoxicity. We also compared natural mycolactone extracted from bacterial culture with synthesized toxins in laboratory (solvents, buffers) and physiologically relevant (serum) matrices. Our results point to the greater stability of mycolactone in organic, as well as detergent-containing, solvents, regardless of the container material (plastic, glass, or silanized tubes). They also highlight the presence of toxin in samples that may be undetectable by any one technique, suggesting that each detection approach captures different configurations of the molecule with varying specificity and sensitivity. Most importantly, our results demonstrate for the very first time that amphiphilic mycolactone associates with host lipoproteins in serum, and that this association will likely impact our ability to study, diagnose, and treat Buruli ulcers in patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11040202","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,4]],"date-time":"2019-04-04T11:31:57Z","timestamp":1554377517000},"page":"202","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Understanding the Significance of Biochemistry in the Storage, Handling, Purification, and Sampling of Amphiphilic Mycolactone"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6215-4871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica Z.","family":"Kubicek-Sutherland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dung M.","family":"Vu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron S.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy C.","family":"Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul J.","family":"Converse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University Center for Tuberculosis Research, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9720-977X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Mart\u00ed-Arbona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric L.","family":"Nuermberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University Center for Tuberculosis Research, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Basil I.","family":"Swanson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harshini","family":"Mukundan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6092","DOI":"10.1021\/ja990017l","article-title":"Characterization of Novel Macrolide Toxins, Mycolactones A and B, from a Human Pathogen, Mycobacterium ulcerans","volume":"121","author":"Gunawardana","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. 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