{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T20:50:14Z","timestamp":1778964614754,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,6]],"date-time":"2019-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1554508800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"US Joint Sciences and Technology Office (JSTO) and Joint Program Executive Office","award":["MCDC-16-01-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MCDC-16-01-002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT) are some of the most toxic proteins known, with a human LD50 of ~1 ng\/kg. Equine antitoxin has a half-life in circulation of less than 1 day and is limited to a treatment rather than a prevention indication. The development of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) may represent an alternative therapeutic option that can be produced at high quantities and of high quality and with half-lives of &gt;10 days. Two different three mAb combinations are being developed that specifically neutralize BoNT serotypes A (BoNT\/A) and B (BoNT\/B). We investigated the pharmacokinetics of the anti-BoNT\/A and anti-BoNT\/B antibodies in guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) and their ability to protect guinea pigs against an aerosol challenge of BoNT\/A1 or BoNT\/B1. Each antibody exhibited dose-dependent exposure and reached maximum circulating concentrations within 48 h post intraperitoneal or intramuscular injection. A single intramuscular dose of the three mAb combination protected guinea pigs against an aerosol challenge dose of 93 LD50 of BoNT\/A1 and 116 LD50 of BoNT\/B1 at 48 h post antibody administration. These mAbs are effective in preventing botulism after an aerosol challenge of BoNT\/A1 and BoNT\/B1 and may represent an alternative to vaccination to prevent type A or B botulism in those at risk of BoNT exposure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11040208","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,8]],"date-time":"2019-04-08T11:54:52Z","timestamp":1554724492000},"page":"208","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Monoclonal Antibody Combinations Prevent Serotype A and Serotype B Inhalational Botulism in a Guinea Pig Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Milan T.","family":"Tomic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development, Ology Bioservices, Inc., 626 Bancroft Way, Suite D, Berkeley, CA 94710, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yero","family":"Espinoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development, Ology Bioservices, Inc., 626 Bancroft Way, Suite D, Berkeley, CA 94710, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zachary","family":"Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development, Ology Bioservices, Inc., 626 Bancroft Way, Suite D, Berkeley, CA 94710, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Khanh","family":"Pham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development, Ology Bioservices, Inc., 626 Bancroft Way, Suite D, Berkeley, CA 94710, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ronald R.","family":"Cobb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ology Bioservices, Alachua, FL 32615, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Doris M.","family":"Snow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ology Bioservices, Alachua, FL 32615, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher G.","family":"Earnhart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PRISM Program Office, Medical Countermeasures Systems, Ft. Detrick, MD 21702, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Traci","family":"Pals","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccines and Therapeutics Division, Chemical and Biological Office, Ft. Detrick, MD 21702, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emily S.","family":"Syar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Battelle Biomedical Research Center, West Jefferson, Columbus, OH 43162, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nancy","family":"Niemuth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Battelle Biomedical Research Center, West Jefferson, Columbus, OH 43162, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dean J.","family":"Kobs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Battelle Biomedical Research Center, West Jefferson, Columbus, OH 43162, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4130-6332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shauna","family":"Farr-Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, 1001 Potrero Ave., San Francisco, CA 94110, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James D.","family":"Marks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, 1001 Potrero Ave., San Francisco, CA 94110, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1128\/mr.46.1.86-94.1982","article-title":"Bacterial toxins: A table of lethal amounts","volume":"46","author":"Gill","year":"1982","journal-title":"Microbiol. 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