{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T22:18:17Z","timestamp":1790201897526,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,7]],"date-time":"2019-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1557187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DP190100304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP190100304"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The functional activities of Anguimorpha lizard venoms have received less attention compared to serpent lineages. Bite victims of varanid lizards often report persistent bleeding exceeding that expected for the mechanical damage of the bite. Research to date has identified the blockage of platelet aggregation as one bleeding-inducing activity, and destructive cleavage of fibrinogen as another. However, the ability of the venoms to prevent clot formation has not been directly investigated. Using a thromboelastograph (TEG5000), clot strength was measured after incubating human fibrinogen with Heloderma and Varanus lizard venoms. Clot strengths were found to be highly variable, with the most potent effects produced by incubation with Varanus venoms from the Odatria and Euprepriosaurus clades. The most fibrinogenolytically active venoms belonged to arboreal species and therefore prey escape potential is likely a strong evolutionary selection pressure. The results are also consistent with reports of profusive bleeding from bites from other notably fibrinogenolytic species, such as V. giganteus. Our results provide evidence in favour of the predatory role of venom in varanid lizards, thus shedding light on the evolution of venom in reptiles and revealing potential new sources of bioactive molecules useful as lead compounds in drug design and development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11050255","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,9]],"date-time":"2019-05-09T11:22:35Z","timestamp":1557400955000},"page":"255","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Varanid Lizard Venoms Disrupt the Clotting Ability of Human Fibrinogen through Destructive Cleavage"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4422-0975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James S.","family":"Dobson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0385-500X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina N.","family":"Zdenek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Hay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6048-6992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aude","family":"Violette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alphabiotoxine Laboratory sprl, Barberie 15, 7911 Montroeul-au-bois, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rudy","family":"Fourmy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alphabiotoxine Laboratory sprl, Barberie 15, 7911 Montroeul-au-bois, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chip","family":"Cochran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Biological Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6661-1283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bryan G.","family":"Fry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04328","article-title":"Early evolution of the venom system in lizards and snakes","volume":"439","author":"Fry","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crvi.2005.10.001","article-title":"The phylogeny of squamate reptiles (lizards, snakes, and amphisbaenians) inferred from nine nuclear protein-coding genes","volume":"328","author":"Vidal","year":"2005","journal-title":"Comptes Rendus Biol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crvi.2008.07.010","article-title":"The molecular evolutionary tree of lizards, snakes, and amphisbaenians","volume":"332","author":"Vidal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comptes Rendus Biol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pyron, R., Burbrink, F., and Wiens, J. 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