{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T18:38:50Z","timestamp":1790361530289,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,13]],"date-time":"2019-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1557705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Endothelial microparticles (EMPs) are vesicles derived from cell membranes, which contain outsourced phosphatidylserine and express adhesion molecules, such as cadherin, intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), E-selectin, and integrins. EMPs are expressed under physiological conditions and continue circulating in the plasma. However, in pathologic conditions their levels increase, and they assume a pro-inflammatory and pro-coagulant role via interactions with monocytes; these effects are related to the development of atherosclerosis. Chronic kidney dysfunction (CKD) characterizes this dysfunctional scenario through the accumulation of uremic solutes in the circulating plasma, whose toxicity is related to the development of cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, this review aims to discuss the formation of EMPs and their biological effects in the uremic environment. Data from previous research demonstrate that uremic toxins are closely associated with the activation of inflammatory biomarkers, cardiovascular dysfunction processes, and the release of EMPs. The impact of a decrease in circulating EMPs in clinical studies has not yet been evaluated. Thus, whether MPs are biochemical markers and\/or therapeutic targets has yet to be established.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11050267","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,13]],"date-time":"2019-05-13T05:35:39Z","timestamp":1557725739000},"page":"267","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Endothelial Microparticles in Uremia: Biomarkers and Potential Therapeutic Targets"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Giane","family":"Favretto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Nephrology Laboratory, Basic Pathology Department, Universidade Federal do Paran\u00e1, Curitiba 81531-980, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Regiane Stafim da","family":"Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Nephrology Laboratory, Basic Pathology Department, Universidade Federal do Paran\u00e1, Curitiba 81531-980, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9282-7181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Aparecida","family":"Dalboni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Post-Graduation in Medicine Department, Universidade Nove de Julho, S\u00e3o Paulo 03155-000, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo Bueno de","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medical Sciences Universidade de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-887, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6394-9227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fellype de Carvalho","family":"Barreto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Nephrology Laboratory, Basic Pathology Department, Universidade Federal do Paran\u00e1, Curitiba 81531-980, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziad A.","family":"Massy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Ambroise Par\u00e9 University Hospital, APHP, Boulogne-Billancourt, 92100 Paris, France"},{"name":"France and Inserm U1018, Team 5, CESP, UVSQ, Paris-Saclay University, 94800 Villejuif, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8595-5321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9a Emilia Marques","family":"Stinghen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Nephrology Laboratory, Basic Pathology Department, Universidade Federal do Paran\u00e1, Curitiba 81531-980, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.1967.tb08741.x","article-title":"The Nature and Significance of Platelet Products in Human Plasma","volume":"13","author":"Wolf","year":"1967","journal-title":"Brit. 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