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Previous studies report plasticity for the venom phenotype. However, these observations are not conclusive, as the results were based on pooled venoms, which present high individual variability. Here we tested the hypothesis of plasticity by influence of confinement and single diet type in the venom composition of 13 adult specimens of Bothrops atrox snakes, maintained under captivity for more than three years. Individual variability in venom composition was observed in samples extracted just after the capture of the snakes. However, composition was conserved in venoms periodically extracted from nine specimens, which presented low variability restricted to the less abundant components. In a second group, composed of four snakes, drastic changes were observed in the venom samples extracted at different periods, mostly related to snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs), the core function toxins of B. atrox venom, which occurred approximately between 400 and 500 days in captivity. These data show plasticity in the venom phenotype during the lifetime of adult snakes maintained under captive conditions. Causes or functional consequences involved in the phenotype modification require further investigations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11050294","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,24]],"date-time":"2019-05-24T11:20:46Z","timestamp":1558696846000},"page":"294","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Evidence for Snake Venom Plasticity in a Long-Term Study with Individual Captive Bothrops atrox"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Diana R.","family":"Amazonas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunopatologia, Instituto Butantan, 05503-900 S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4426-0731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luciana A.","family":"Freitas-de-Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunopatologia, Instituto Butantan, 05503-900 S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniele P.","family":"Orefice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunopatologia, Instituto Butantan, 05503-900 S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6303-0897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leijiane F. de","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunopatologia, Instituto Butantan, 05503-900 S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa G.","family":"Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Ecologia Isot\u00f3pica, Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura\u2014USP, 13416-000 Piracicaba, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosa H. V.","family":"Mour\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Recursos Naturais da Amaz\u00f4nia, Laborat\u00f3rio de Bioprospec\u00e7\u00e3o e Biologia Experimental, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Par\u00e1\u2014UFOPA, 68040-070 Santar\u00e9m, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hip\u00f3crates M.","family":"Chalkidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Pesquisas Zool\u00f3gicas, Unama Centro Universit\u00e1rio da Amaz\u00f4nia, 68010-200 Santar\u00e9m, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pl\u00ednio B.","family":"Camargo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Ecologia Isot\u00f3pica, Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura\u2014USP, 13416-000 Piracicaba, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1787-6634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana M.","family":"Moura-da-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunopatologia, Instituto Butantan, 05503-900 S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greene, H.W. 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