{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T04:04:22Z","timestamp":1782360262035,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,17]],"date-time":"2019-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1560729600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-AI-113266"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-AI-113266"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the past, it has proved challenging to generate antibodies against mycolactone, the primary lipidic toxin A of Mycobacterium ulcerans causing Buruli ulcer, due to its immunosuppressive properties. Here we show that in vitro display, comprising both phage and yeast display, can be used to select antibodies recognizing mycolactone from a large human na\u00efve phage antibody library. Ten different antibodies were isolated, and hundreds more identified by next generation sequencing. These results indicate the value of in vitro display methods to generate antibodies against difficult antigenic targets such as toxins, which cannot be used for immunization unless inactivated by structural modification. The possibility to easily generate anti-mycolactone antibodies is an exciting prospect for the development of rapid and simple diagnostic\/detection methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11060346","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,17]],"date-time":"2019-06-17T11:24:45Z","timestamp":1560770685000},"page":"346","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Recombinant Antibodies against Mycolactone"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Leslie","family":"Naranjo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Specifica Inc., Santa Fe, NM 87505, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fortunato","family":"Ferrara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Specifica Inc., Santa Fe, NM 87505, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3097-0548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolas","family":"Blanchard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Haute-Alsace, Universit\u00e9 de Strasbourg, CNRS, LIMA, UMR 7042, 68000 Mulhouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7848-586X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline","family":"Demangel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunobiology of Infection Unit, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1221, 75011 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"D\u2019Angelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Specifica Inc., Santa Fe, NM 87505, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Frank","family":"Erasmus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Specifica Inc., Santa Fe, NM 87505, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andre A.","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Specifica Inc., Santa Fe, NM 87505, USA"},{"name":"New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, NM 87544, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew R.M.","family":"Bradbury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Specifica Inc., Santa Fe, NM 87505, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"698","article-title":"Mycobacterium ulcerans infection (with comments on pathogenesis)","volume":"33","author":"Connor","year":"1965","journal-title":"Int. J. 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