{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T00:15:56Z","timestamp":1793146556650,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":154,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,5]],"date-time":"2019-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1564963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Brain Research Program B, EFOP, GINOP, PEPSYS. Experimental work of L.B. and I.M. was supported by Croatian Science Foundation","award":["KTIA_NAP_13-2014-0022; EFOP-3.6.1.-16-2016-0004; GINOP 2.3.2-15-2016-00050; IP-2014-09-4503"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KTIA_NAP_13-2014-0022; EFOP-3.6.1.-16-2016-0004; GINOP 2.3.2-15-2016-00050; IP-2014-09-4503"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Already a well-established treatment for different autonomic and movement disorders, the use of botulinum toxin type A (BoNT\/A) in pain conditions is now continuously expanding. Currently, the only approved use of BoNT\/A in relation to pain is the treatment of chronic migraines. However, controlled clinical studies show promising results in neuropathic and other chronic pain disorders. In comparison with other conventional and non-conventional analgesic drugs, the greatest advantages of BoNT\/A use are its sustained effect after a single application and its safety. Its efficacy in certain therapy-resistant pain conditions is of special importance. Novel results in recent years has led to a better understanding of its actions, although further experimental and clinical research is warranted. Here, we summarize the effects contributing to these advantageous properties of BoNT\/A in pain therapy, specific actions along the nociceptive pathway, consequences of its central activities, the molecular mechanisms of actions in neurons, and general pharmacokinetic parameters.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11080459","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,5]],"date-time":"2019-08-05T11:17:47Z","timestamp":1565003867000},"page":"459","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":238,"title":["Mechanisms of Botulinum Toxin Type A Action on Pain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Ivica","family":"Matak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, \u0160alata 11, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kata","family":"B\u00f6lcskei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of P\u00e9cs, Szigeti \u00fat 12, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"},{"name":"J\u00e1nos Szent\u00e1gothai Research Center, Center for Neuroscience, University of P\u00e9cs, Ifj\u00fas\u00e1g \u00fatja 20, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lidija","family":"Bach-Rojecky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, University of Zagreb Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Domagojeva 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zsuzsanna","family":"Helyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of P\u00e9cs, Szigeti \u00fat 12, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"},{"name":"J\u00e1nos Szent\u00e1gothai Research Center, Center for Neuroscience, University of P\u00e9cs, Ifj\u00fas\u00e1g \u00fatja 20, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.285.8.1059","article-title":"Botulinum toxin as a biological weapon: Medical and public health management","volume":"285","author":"Arnon","year":"2001","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1949.sp004364","article-title":"The action of botulinum toxin on the neuro-muscular junction","volume":"109","author":"Burgen","year":"1949","journal-title":"J. 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