{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T05:43:14Z","timestamp":1794030194475,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,27]],"date-time":"2019-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1566864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pamphobeteus verdolaga is a recently described Theraphosidae spider from the Andean region of Colombia. Previous reports partially characterized its venom profile. In this study, we conducted a detailed analysis that includes reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (rp-HPLC), calcium influx assays, tandem mass spectrometry analysis (tMS\/MS), and venom-gland transcriptome. rp-HPLC fractions of P. verdolaga venom showed activity on CaV2.2, CaV3.2, and NaV1.7 ion channels. Active fractions contained several peptides with molecular masses ranging from 3399.4 to 3839.6 Da. The tMS\/MS analysis of active fraction displaying the strongest activity to inhibit calcium channels showed sequence fragments similar to one of the translated transcripts detected in the venom-gland transcriptome. The putative peptide of this translated transcript corresponded to a toxin, here named \u03c9-theraphositoxin-Pv3a, a potential ion channel modulator toxin that is, in addition, very similar to other theraphositoxins affecting calcium channels (i.e., \u03c9-theraphotoxin-Asp1a). Additionally, using this holistic approach, we found that P. verdolaga venom is an important source of disulfide-rich proteins expressing at least eight superfamilies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11090496","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,27]],"date-time":"2019-08-27T11:13:30Z","timestamp":1566904410000},"page":"496","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Venomic, Transcriptomic, and Bioactivity Analyses of Pamphobeteus verdolaga Venom Reveal Complex Disulfide-Rich Peptides That Modulate Calcium Channels"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7326-5873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Estrada-Gomez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de Ofidismo\/Escorpionismo\u2014Serpentario, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Carrera 53 No 61\u201330, Medell\u00edn, Antioquia, CO 050010, Colombia"},{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Farmac\u00e9uticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No 52\u201321, Medell\u00edn, Antioquia, CO 050010, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0068-9974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernanda Caldas","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1332-5106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leidy","family":"Vargas-Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Calle 50 A No 41\u201320 Medell\u00edn, Antioquia, CO 050012, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7923-9158","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"Quintana-Castillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Calle 50 A No 41\u201320 Medell\u00edn, Antioquia, CO 050012, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7905-5052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Arenas G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de G\u00e9netica, Regeneraci\u00f3n y C\u00e1ncer, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Carrera 53 No 61\u201330, Medell\u00edn, Antioquia, CO 050010, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandy","family":"Pineda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2052, Australia"},{"name":"Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia"},{"name":"St. Vincent\u2019s Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4768-4919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monica","family":"Saldarriaga-Cordoba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Recursos Naturales y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Bernardo O\u2019Higgins, Avenida Viel 1497, Santiago 7750000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2004.02.007","article-title":"Tarantulas: Eight-legged pharmacists and combinatorial chemists","volume":"43","author":"Escoubas","year":"2004","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3443","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.3223","article-title":"Identification of protein phosphorylation sites within ser\/thr-rich cluster domains using site-directed mutagenesis and hybrid linear quadrupole ion trap fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry","volume":"21","author":"King","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rapid Commun. 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