{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T09:48:04Z","timestamp":1792144084006,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,12]],"date-time":"2019-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1568246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System Construction Program","award":["CARS-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-03"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31801654"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31801654"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Startup Funding for PhD of Henan University of Technology","award":["2017BS018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017BS018"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Fund of Henan University of Technology","award":["2017QNJH15"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017QNJH15"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ultrasound is an emerging decontamination technology with potential use in the global food processing industry. In the present study, we explored power ultrasound for processing aqueous aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). AFB1 was degraded by 85.1% after 80 min of ultrasound exposure. The reaction products of AFB1 were identified and their molecular formulae elucidated by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography Q-Orbitrap mass spectrometry. Eight main reaction products were found, and their structures were clarified by parental ion fragmentation. Two degradation pathways were proposed according to the degradation product structures: One involved the addition of H\u2022 and OH\u2022 radicals, whereas the other involved H2O2 epoxidation and H\u2022, OH\u2022, and H2O2 oxidation of AFB1. Ultrasound treatment significantly reduced AFB1 bioactivity and toxicity by disrupting the C8=C9 double bond in the furan ring and modifying the lactone ring and methoxy group.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11090526","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,12]],"date-time":"2019-09-12T10:56:06Z","timestamp":1568285766000},"page":"526","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Structures of Reaction Products and Degradation Pathways of Aflatoxin B1 by Ultrasound Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Yuanfang","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China"},{"name":"School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou Normal University, Zhengzhou 450044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengmeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanxiao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ke","family":"Bian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.3920\/WMJ2008.x017","article-title":"Food mycology-a multifaceted approach to fungi and food","volume":"1","author":"Battilani","year":"2008","journal-title":"World Mycotoxin J."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Magan, N., and Olsen, M. 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