{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:47:19Z","timestamp":1760240839141,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,11]],"date-time":"2019-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1570752000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic prostatitis\/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP\/ CPPS) has a negative impact on the quality of life, and its etiology still remains unknown. Although many treatment protocols have been evaluated in CP\/CPPS, the outcomes have usually been disappointing. Botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT-A), produced from Clostridium botulinum, has been widely used to lower urinary tract dysfunctions such as detrusor sphincter dyssynergia, refractory overactive bladder, interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndromes, benign prostatic hyperplasia, and CP\/ CPPS in urology. Here, we review the published evidence from animal models to clinical studies for inferring the mechanism of action underlying the therapeutic efficacy of BoNT in CP\/CPPS. Animal studies demonstrated that BoNT-A, a potent inhibitor of neuroexocytosis, impacts the release of sensory neurotransmitters and inflammatory mediators. This pharmacological action of BoNT-A showed promise of relieving the pain of CP\/CPPS in placebo-controlled and open-label BoNT-A and has the potential to serve as an adjunct treatment for achieving better treatment outcomes in CP\/CPPS patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11100586","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,11]],"date-time":"2019-10-11T10:53:03Z","timestamp":1570791183000},"page":"586","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Promise and the Pharmacological Mechanism of Botulinum Toxin A in Chronic Prostatitis Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Chien-Hsu","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology 1, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pradeep","family":"Tyagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine2, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1468-3792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yao-Chi","family":"Chuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology 1, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2015.08.061","article-title":"Contemporary management of chronic prostatitis\/chronic pelvic pain syndrome","volume":"69","author":"Magistro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. 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