{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T17:31:14Z","timestamp":1783704674739,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,27]],"date-time":"2019-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007637","name":"Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n (COLCIENCIAS)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["130780864623"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["130780864623"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007637","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Oficina de Investigaciones de la Universidad de Ibagu\u00e9","award":["18-544-INT"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18-544-INT"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spiders rely on venom to catch prey and few species are even capable of capturing vertebrates. The majority of spiders are generalist predators, possessing complex venom, in which different toxins seem to target different types of prey. In this study, we focused on the trophic ecology and venom toxicity of Phoneutria boliviensis F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897, a Central American spider of medical importance. We tested the hypothesis that its venom is adapted to catch vertebrate prey by studying its trophic ecology and venom toxicity against selected vertebrate and invertebrate prey. We compared both trophic ecology (based on acceptance experiments) and toxicity (based on bioassays) among sexes of this species. We found that P. boliviensis accepted geckos, spiders, and cockroaches as prey, but rejected frogs. There was no difference in acceptance between males and females. The venom of P. boliviensis was far more efficient against vertebrate (geckos) than invertebrate (spiders) prey in both immobilization time and LD50. Surprisingly, venom of males was more efficient than that of females. Our results suggest that P. boliviensis has adapted its venom to catch vertebrates, which may explain its toxicity to humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11110622","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,28]],"date-time":"2019-10-28T04:44:31Z","timestamp":1572237871000},"page":"622","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Prey and Venom Efficacy of Male and Female Wandering Spider, Phoneutria boliviensis (Araneae: Ctenidae)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7425-0753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Carlos","family":"Valenzuela-Rojas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n Biolog\u00eda y Ecolog\u00eda de Artr\u00f3podos (BEA), Corporaci\u00f3n Huiltur y Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Tolima, Altos de Santa Helena, Ibagu\u00e9 730001, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julio C\u00e9sar","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n Biolog\u00eda y Ecolog\u00eda de Artr\u00f3podos (BEA), Corporaci\u00f3n Huiltur y Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Tolima, Altos de Santa Helena, Ibagu\u00e9 730001, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1317-5382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arie","family":"van der Meijden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n Biolog\u00eda y Ecolog\u00eda de Artr\u00f3podos (BEA), Corporaci\u00f3n Huiltur y Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Tolima, Altos de Santa Helena, Ibagu\u00e9 730001, Colombia"},{"name":"CIBIO Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, InBIO, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agr\u00e1rio de Vair\u00e3o, Rua Padre Armando Quintas 7, 4485-661 Vair\u00e3o, Vila do Conde, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Nicol\u00e1s","family":"Cort\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matem\u00e1ticas, Universidad de Ibagu\u00e9, Carrera 22 calle 67, Ibagu\u00e9 730001, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2373-1805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovany","family":"Guevara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Zoolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Tolima, Altos de Santa Helena, Ibagu\u00e9 730001, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2463-5997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lida Marcela","family":"Franco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matem\u00e1ticas, Universidad de Ibagu\u00e9, Carrera 22 calle 67, Ibagu\u00e9 730001, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0197-5040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stano","family":"Pek\u00e1r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotl\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8882-6226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis Fernando","family":"Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n Biolog\u00eda y Ecolog\u00eda de Artr\u00f3podos (BEA), Corporaci\u00f3n Huiltur y Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Tolima, Altos de Santa Helena, Ibagu\u00e9 730001, Colombia"},{"name":"Grupo Multidisciplinario en Ecolog\u00eda para la Agricultura, Centro Universitario Regional del Este, Treinta y Tres 33000, Uruguay"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"2","article-title":"Venom composition and strategies in spiders: Is everything possible?","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Nentwig","year":"2011","journal-title":"Spider Physiology and Behaviour"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2012.10.020","article-title":"Complex cocktails: The evolutionary novelty of venoms","volume":"28","author":"Casewell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"36","article-title":"Snake toxins and venoms: An evolutionary perspective","volume":"52","author":"Kardong","year":"1996","journal-title":"Herpetologica"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.M116.063321","article-title":"Melt with this kiss: Paralyzing and liquefying venom of the assassin bug Pristhesancus plagipennis (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)","volume":"16","author":"Walker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.2307\/1543581","article-title":"The projectile tooth of a fish-hunting cone snail: Conus catus injects venom into fish prey using a high-speed ballistic mechanism","volume":"207","author":"Schulz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2006.01.007","article-title":"Venom of the brown treesnake, Boiga irregularis: Ontogenetic shifts and taxa-specific toxicity","volume":"47","author":"Mackessy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29030","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M605850200","article-title":"Denmotoxin, a three-finger toxin from the colubrid snake Boiga dendrophila (Mangrove Catsnake) with bird-specific activity","volume":"281","author":"Pawlak","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2007.01.010","article-title":"Toxicity of venoms from vipers of Pelias group to crickets Gryllus assimilis and its relation to snake entomophagy","volume":"49","author":"Starkov","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2443","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2009.0048","article-title":"Coevolution of diet and prey-specific venom activity supports the role of selection in snake venom evolution","volume":"276","author":"Barlow","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.13216","article-title":"Snake venom potency and yield are associated with prey-evolution, predator metabolism and habitat structure","volume":"22","author":"Healy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.2011.01471.x","article-title":"Evolution of stenophagy in spiders (Araneae): Evidence based on the comparative analysis of spider diets","volume":"66","author":"Coddington","year":"2012","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Foelix, R.F. (2011). Biology of Spiders, Oxford University Press. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-120811-153650","article-title":"Spider-venom peptides: Structure, pharmacology, and potential for control of insect pests","volume":"58","author":"King","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.12900","article-title":"Venom of prey-specialized spiders is more toxic to their preferred prey: A result of prey-specific toxins","volume":"87","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Anim. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185X.1982.tb00363.x","article-title":"Arthropods that prey on vertebrates","volume":"57","author":"McCormick","year":"1982","journal-title":"Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"B\u00fccherl, W., and Buckley, E.E. (1971). Venomous Animals and Their Venoms, Academic Press, Inc."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nyffeler, M., and Kn\u00f6rnschild, M. (2013). Bat predation by spiders. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0058120"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"65","article-title":"Ecological interactions between arthropods and small vertebrates in a lowland Amazon rainforest","volume":"13","author":"Biggi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Amph. Reptil. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"321","article-title":"Predation of the snake Erythrolamprus almadensis (Wagler, 1824) by the tarantula Grammostola quirogai Montes De Oca, D\u2019El\u00eda & P\u00e9rez-Miles, 2016","volume":"9","author":"Dri","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Herpetol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.11606\/issn.2316-9079.v4i1p39-47","article-title":"De Predation on amphibians by spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) in the Neotropical region","volume":"4","author":"Menin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phyllomedusa J. Herpetol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nyffeler, M., and Pusey, B.J. (2014). Fish predation by semi-aquatic spiders: A global pattern. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0099459"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mst011","article-title":"Molecular evolution of \u03b1-latrotoxin, the exceptionally potent vertebrate neurotoxin in black widow spider venom","volume":"30","author":"Garb","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1353\/bae.2018.0014","article-title":"Biting off more than one can chew: First record of the non-native noble false widow spider Steatoda nobilis (Thorell, 1875) feeding on the native viviparous lizard Zootoca vivipara (Lichtenstein, 1823) in Ireland","volume":"118","author":"Dunbar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"1","article-title":"Envenomation by Wandering Spiders (Genus Phoneutria)","volume":"63","author":"Bucaretchi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Tox."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"1","article-title":"A comparative study of properties and toxic constituents of funnel web spider (A T&4X) venoms","volume":"8","author":"Sheumack","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(00)00234-8","article-title":"An analysis of geographic and intersexual chemical variation in venoms of the spider Tegenaria agrestis (Agelenidae)","volume":"39","author":"Binford","year":"2001","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(02)00136-8","article-title":"Intersexual variations in the venom of the Brazilian \u2018armed\u2019 spider Phoneutria nigriventer (Keyserling, 1891)","volume":"40","author":"Herzig","year":"2002","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gopalakrishnakone, P., Corzo, G.A., Diego-Garcia, E., and de Lima, M.E. (2015). Phoneutria nigriventer venom and toxins: A review. Spider Venoms, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-6646-4"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diniz, M.R.V., Paiva, A.L.B., Guerra-Duarte, C., Nishiyama, M.Y., Mudadu, M.A., de Oliveira, U., Borges, M.H., Yates, J.R., and Junqueira-de-Azevedo, I.D.L. (2018). An overview of Phoneutria nigriventer spider venom using combined transcriptomic and proteomic approaches. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0200628"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Valenzuela-Rojas, J.C., Gonz\u00e1lez-G\u00f3mez, J.C., Guevara, G., Franco, L.M., Reinoso-Fl\u00f3rez, G., and Garc\u00eda, L.F. Notes on the feeding habits of the \u201cWandering spiders\u201d Phoneutria boliviensis (Arachnida: Ctenidae). J. Arachnol., accepted."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1139\/z02-037","article-title":"Sexual dimorphism in trophic morphology and feeding behavior of wolf spiders (Araneae: Lycosidae) as a result of differences in reproductive roles","volume":"80","author":"Walker","year":"2002","journal-title":"Can. J. Zool."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12133","article-title":"Trophic specialisation in a predatory group: The case of prey-specialised spiders (Araneae)","volume":"90","author":"Toft","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"636","article-title":"Scinax ruber (Red Snouted Treefrog)","volume":"43","author":"Maciel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Herpetol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23189","article-title":"Ultrastructural evidence of serous gland polymorphism in the skin of the Tungara Frog Engystomops pustulosus (Anura Leptodactylidae)","volume":"298","author":"Delfino","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anat. Rec. Adv. Integr. Anat. Evol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1163\/1568539X-00003059","article-title":"Ploys and counterploys of assassin bugs and their dangerous spider prey","volume":"150","author":"Taylor","year":"2013","journal-title":"Behaviour"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(01)00277-X","article-title":"The venom optimisation hypothesis: A spider injects large venom quantities only into difficult prey types","volume":"40","author":"Wigger","year":"2002","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1007\/s10905-016-9578-9","article-title":"The predation strategy of the recluse spider Loxosceles rufipes (Lucas, 1834) against four prey species","volume":"29","author":"Franco","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Insect Behav."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1007\/s00114-018-1555-z","article-title":"Comparison of the capture efficiency, prey processing, and nutrient extraction in a generalist and a specialist spider predator","volume":"105","author":"Viera","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Nat."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1636\/Hi09-38.1","article-title":"Optimal sting use in the feeding behavior of the scorpion Hadrurus spadix","volume":"38","author":"Edmunds","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Arachnol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinsphys.2012.03.014","article-title":"Prey orientation and the role of venom availability in the predatory behaviour of the centipede Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans (Arthropoda: Chilopoda)","volume":"58","author":"Dugon","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Insect Physiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2004.07.020","article-title":"Ontogenetic changes in Phoneutria nigriventer (Araneae, Ctenidae) spider venom","volume":"44","author":"Herzig","year":"2004","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2008.11.002","article-title":"Intersexual variations in the pharmacological properties of Coremiocnemis tropix (Araneae, Theraphosidae) spider venom","volume":"53","author":"Herzig","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(98)00130-5","article-title":"Sex-linked variation of Loxosceles intermedia spider venoms","volume":"37","author":"Giusti","year":"1999","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2872","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins7082872","article-title":"Partial characterization of venom from the colombian spider Phoneutria boliviensis (Aranae:Ctenidae)","volume":"7","author":"Lanchero","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santana, R., Perez, D., Dobson, J., Panagides, N., Raven, R., Nouwens, A., Jones, A., King, G., and Fry, B. (2017). Venom profiling of a population of the theraphosid spider Phlogius crassipes reveals continuous ontogenetic changes from juveniles through adulthood. Toxins, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins9040116"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walker, A., Weirauch, C., Fry, B., and King, G. (2016). Venoms of heteropteran insects: A treasure trove of diverse pharmacological toolkits. Toxins, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins8020043"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2010.09.006","article-title":"Developmental biology of the Brazilian \u2018Armed\u2019 spider Phoneutria nigriventer (Keyserling, 1891): Microanatomical and molecular analysis of the embryonic stages","volume":"57","author":"Silva","year":"2011","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"173","article-title":"Comparison of the partial proteomes of the venoms of Brazilian spiders of the genus Phoneutria","volume":"142","author":"Richardson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(64)90023-6","article-title":"Comparative lethality of several Latrodectus venoms","volume":"2","author":"McCitorre","year":"1964","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1636\/JoA-S-18-026.1","article-title":"Black widow spiders, Latrodectus spp. (Araneae: Theridiidae), and other spiders feeding on mammals","volume":"46","author":"Nyffeler","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Arachnol."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"627","article-title":"Pharmacology of the polypeptides from the venom of the spider Phoneutria fera","volume":"33","author":"Schenberg","year":"1966","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Butatan"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"408","article-title":"Engystomops pustulosus (T\u00fangara Frog). Predation","volume":"48","year":"2017","journal-title":"Herpetol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(88)90317-0","article-title":"Spiders in Brazil","volume":"26","author":"Lucas","year":"1988","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1636\/Hi13-05.1","article-title":"Natural history of Phoneutria boliviensis (Araneae: Ctenidae): Habitats, reproductive behavior, postembryonic development and prey-wrapping","volume":"42","author":"Hazzi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Arachnol."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Beaupre, S.J., Jacobson, J.R., Lillywhite, H.B., and Zamudio, K. (2004). Guidelines for Use of Live Amphibians and Reptiles in Field and Laboratory Research, Allen Media Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1007\/s10905-018-9677-x","article-title":"Predatory versatility in females of the scorpion Bothriurus bonariensis (Scorpiones: Bothriuridae): Overcoming prey with different defensive mechanisms","volume":"31","author":"Simone","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Insect Behav."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viera, C., and Gonzaga, M.O. (2017). Trophic niches and trophic adaptations of prey-specialized spiders from the neotropics: A guide. Behaviour and Ecology of Spiders, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-65717-2"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barth, F.G. (1985). Photoreceptor cells in the spider eye: Spectral sensitivity and efferent control. Neurobiology of Arachnids, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-70348-5"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1650","article-title":"Estimating equations for association structures","volume":"23","author":"Yan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Stat. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1111\/eth.12713","article-title":"Generalized estimating equations: A pragmatic and flexible approach to the marginal GLM modelling of correlated data in the behavioural sciences","volume":"124","author":"Brabec","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ethology"},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Valenzuela-Rojas, J.C. (2019). Comportamiento Depredador y Aspectos Toxinol\u00f3gicos del Veneno de la \u201cAra\u00f1a Bananera\u201d Phoneutria boliviensis F.O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Universida del Tolima]."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1636\/SH07-82.1","article-title":"An easy method for handling the genus Phoneutria (Araneae, Ctenidae) for venom extraction","volume":"36","author":"Garcia","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Arachnol."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Priel, A. (2019). Venom collection from spiders and snakes: Voluntary and involuntary extractions (\u201cmilking\u201d) and venom gland extractions. Snake and Spider Toxins. Methods and Protocols, Humana Press."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kilkenny, C., Browne, W.J., Cuthill, I.C., Emerson, M., and Altman, D.G. (2010). Improving bioscience research reporting: The ARRIVE guidelines for reporting animal research. PLoS Biol., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1000412"},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Pek\u00e1r, S., and Brabec, M. (2016). Modern Analysis of Biological Data: Generalized Linear Models in R, Masaryk University Press."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620150325","article-title":"Modeling dose response using generalized linear models","volume":"15","author":"Kerr","year":"1996","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"R Development Core Team (2012). R: Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Development Core Team."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Venables, W.N., and Ripley, B.D. (2013). Modern Applied Statistics with S-PLUS, Springer."}],"container-title":["Toxins"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6651\/11\/11\/622\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:29:42Z","timestamp":1760189382000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6651\/11\/11\/622"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,27]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]}},"alternative-id":["toxins11110622"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxins11110622","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6651"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6651","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,27]]}}}