{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T19:45:41Z","timestamp":1769197541255,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,30]],"date-time":"2019-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5010-42000-0049-00D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5010-42000-0049-00D"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003478","name":"Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["H28-shokuhin-ippan-004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H28-shokuhin-ippan-004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003478","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Citreoviridin (CTV) in an inhibitor of mitochondrial ATPase that has been isolated from molded yellow rice and linked to the human disease Shoshin-kakke (acute cardiac beriberi). The disease results from a deficiency of thiamine, however, purified CTV can reproduce the symptoms in experimental animals. The link between CTV and Shoshin-kakke has been difficult to resolve, in part because cases of the disease are rare. In addition to rice, CTV has been found in maize, pecan nuts, and wheat products. A method to screen for CTV and its geometric isomer, iso-CTV, in commodities was developed, based upon the isolation of two novel monoclonal antibodies (mAb). In an antigen-immobilized competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay format (CI-ELISA), the observed IC50s for CTV were 11 ng\/mL and 18 ng\/mL (mAbs 2-2 and 2-4, respectively). The assays were relatively tolerant to methanol and acetonitrile, which allowed their application to the detection of CTV in spiked polished white rice. For quantification, a standard mixture of CTV and iso-CTV was used, along with matrix matched calibration. The dynamic range of the ELISA using mAb 2-4 was equivalent to 0.23 to 2.22 mg\/kg in rice. Recoveries over the range of 0.36 to 7.23 mg\/kg averaged 97 \u00b1 10%. The results suggest that the mAb 2-4-based immunoassay can be applied to the screening of white rice for CTV. Both mAbs were also observed to significantly enhance the fluorescence of the toxin.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11110630","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,31]],"date-time":"2019-10-31T05:18:26Z","timestamp":1572499106000},"page":"630","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Development and Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies for the Mycotoxin Citreoviridin"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6473-5693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chris M.","family":"Maragos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Peoria, IL 61604, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yosuke","family":"Uchiyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Life Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naoki","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Life Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fumichika","family":"Kominato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shinsei Chemical Company Ltd., Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoshiko","family":"Sugita-Konishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Life Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-474X(69)90037-X","article-title":"Mycotoxic origin of cardiac beriberi","volume":"5","author":"Uraguchi","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. 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