{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T02:23:29Z","timestamp":1787624609458,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,31]],"date-time":"2019-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007823","name":"Alltech","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007823","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mycotoxins are produced by fungi and are potentially toxic to pigs. Yeast cell wall extract (YCWE) is known to adsorb mycotoxins and improve gut health in pigs. One hundred and twenty growing (56 kg; experiment 1) and 48 nursery piglets (6 kg; experiment 2) were assigned to four dietary treatments in a 2 \u00d7 2 factorial design for 35 and 48 days, respectively. Factors were mycotoxins (no addition versus experiment 1: 180 \u03bcg\/kg aflatoxins and 14 mg\/kg fumonisins; or experiment 2: 180 \u03bcg\/kg aflatoxins and 9 mg\/kg fumonisins, and 1 mg\/kg deoxynivalenol) and YCWE (0% versus 0.2%). Growth performance, blood, gut health and microbiome, and apparent ileal digestibility (AID) data were evaluated. In experiment 1, mycotoxins reduced ADG and G:F, and duodenal IgG, whereas in jejunum, YCWE increased IgG and reduced villus width. In experiment 2, mycotoxins reduced BW, ADG, and ADFI. Mycotoxins reduced ADG, which was recovered by YCWE. Mycotoxins reduced the AID of nutrients evaluated and increased protein carbonyl, whereas mycotoxins and YCWE increased the AID of the nutrients and reduced protein carbonyl. Mycotoxins reduced villus height, proportion of Ki-67-positive cells, and increased IgA and the proportion of bacteria with mycotoxin-degrading ability, whereas YCWE tended to increase villus height and reduced IgA and the proportion of pathogenic bacteria in jejunum. The YCWE effects were more evident in promoting gut health and growth in nursery pigs, which showed higher susceptibility to mycotoxin effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11110633","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,31]],"date-time":"2019-10-31T12:38:23Z","timestamp":1572525503000},"page":"633","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":88,"title":["Efficacy of a Yeast Cell Wall Extract to Mitigate the Effect of Naturally Co-Occurring Mycotoxins Contaminating Feed Ingredients Fed to Young Pigs: Impact on Gut Health, Microbiome, and Growth"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Sung Woo","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6615-9159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D\u00e9bora Muratori","family":"Holanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inkyung","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9220-8201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandros","family":"Yiannikouris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alltech Inc, Center for Animal Nutrigenomics and Applied Animal Nutrition, 3031 Catnip Hill Road, Nicholasville, KY 40356, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3336","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins6123336","article-title":"Protective effect of two yeast based feed additives on pigs chronically exposed to deoxynivalenol and zearalenone","volume":"6","author":"Weaver","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2010-3005","article-title":"Effects of chronic exposure of diets with reduced concentrations of aflatoxin and deoxynivalenol on growth and immune status of pigs","volume":"89","author":"Chaytor","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. 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