{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T01:23:16Z","timestamp":1789608196084,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":183,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,6]],"date-time":"2019-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Elevated levels of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) and phosphate are highly associated with increased cardiovascular disease and mortality in patients suffering from chronic kidney disease (CKD). As the kidney function declines, serum phosphate levels rise and subsequently induce the secretion of the phosphaturic hormone FGF23. In early stages of CKD, FGF23 prevents the increase of serum phosphate levels and thereby attenuates phosphate-induced vascular calcification, whereas in end-stage kidney disease, FGF23 fails to maintain phosphate homeostasis. Both hyperphosphatemia and elevated FGF23 levels promote the development of hypertension, vascular calcification, and left ventricular hypertrophy by distinct mechanisms. Therefore, FGF23 and phosphate are considered promising therapeutic targets to improve the cardiovascular outcome in CKD patients. Previous therapeutic strategies are based on dietary and pharmacological reduction of serum phosphate, and consequently FGF23 levels. However, clinical trials proving the effects on the cardiovascular outcome are lacking. Recent publications provide evidence for new promising therapeutic interventions, such as magnesium supplementation and direct targeting of phosphate and FGF receptors to prevent toxicity of FGF23 and hyperphosphatemia in CKD patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11110647","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,7]],"date-time":"2019-11-07T06:52:36Z","timestamp":1573109556000},"page":"647","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":89,"title":["FGF23 and Phosphate\u2013Cardiovascular Toxins in CKD"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Isabel","family":"Vogt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dieter","family":"Haffner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9203-7622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maren","family":"Leifheit-Nestler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2504","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2014070714","article-title":"Cause of Death in Patients with Reduced Kidney Function","volume":"26","author":"Thompson","year":"2015","journal-title":"JASN"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381082","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/381082","article-title":"Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Chronic Kidney Disease\u2014FGF23: A Key Molecule in the Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"2014","author":"Jimbo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. 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