{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T09:54:27Z","timestamp":1790416467750,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,15]],"date-time":"2019-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1573776000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31802098"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31802098"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2662017PY051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2662017PY051"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018M640715"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018M640715"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Trefoil factors (TFFs) are regulatory peptides playing critical roles in mucosal repair and protection against a variety of insults within the gastrointestinal tract. This work aimed to explore the effects of deoxynivalenol (DON) on intestinal TFFs expression using in vivo and in vitro models. In an animal trial, twenty-four 28-d-old barrows (Duroc \u00d7 Landrace \u00d7 Large White; initial body weight = 7.6 \u00b1 0.7 kg) were randomly divided into three treatments for 28 days, including a control diet (0.61 mg DON\/kg feed), and two levels of DON-contaminated diets containing 1.28 and 2.89 mg DON\/kg feed, respectively. Piglets exposed to DON had lower mRNA expression of TFF1, TFF2, TFF3, as well as Claudin-4 in the intestine (P &lt; 0.05). Dietary DON exposure decreased the protein levels of TFF2 and TFF3 in the jejunum as demonstrated by western blot and immunohistochemistry. In intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2), DON depressed the mRNA expression of TFF2, TFF3, and Claudin-4. Overexpression of sterile alpha motif (SAM) pointed domain E26 transformation-specific (ETS) factor (SPDEF) was found to attenuate DON-induced suppression of TFFs in IPEC-J2 cells. Altogether, our work shows, for the first time, that dietary DON exposure depresses the expression of intestinal TFFs in piglets. Given the fundamental role of TFFs in intestinal mucosal homeostasis, our observations indicate that the DON content in animal feed should be strictly controlled based on the existing regulation for DON.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11110670","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,15]],"date-time":"2019-11-15T11:24:32Z","timestamp":1573817072000},"page":"670","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Deoxynivalenol Inhibits Porcine Intestinal Trefoil Factors Expression in Weanling Piglets and IPEC-J2 Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Shuai","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiacheng","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7122-6080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kuntan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiacai","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beiyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Desheng","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3109\/15569541003598553","article-title":"An overview of mycotoxin contamination in foods and its implications for human health","volume":"29","author":"Reddy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxin Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins6051615","article-title":"Effect of deoxynivalenol and other Type B trichothecenes on the intestine: A review","volume":"6","author":"Pinton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pasternak, J.A., Aiyer, V., Hamonic, G., Beaulieu, A.D., Columbus, D.A., and Wilson, H.L. 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