{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T21:50:31Z","timestamp":1770328231795,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,20]],"date-time":"2019-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007028","name":"Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007028","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cholera toxin B subunit (CTB), a non-toxic homopentameric component of Vibrio cholerae holotoxin, is an oral cholera vaccine antigen that induces an anti-toxin antibody response. Recently, we demonstrated that a recombinant CTB variant with a Lys-Asp-Glu-Leu (KDEL) endoplasmic reticulum retention motif (CTB-KDEL) exhibits colon mucosal healing effects that have therapeutic implications for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Herein, we investigated the feasibility of CTB-KDEL for the treatment of chronic colitis. We found that weekly oral administration of CTB-KDEL, dosed before or after the onset of chronic colitis, induced by repeated dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) exposure, could significantly reduce disease activity index scores, intestinal permeability, inflammation, and histological signs of chronicity. To address the consequences of immunogenicity, mice (C57BL\/6 or C3H\/HeJ strains) were pre-exposed to CTB-KDEL then subjected to DSS colitis and CTB-KDEL treatment. While the pre-dosing of CTB-KDEL elicited high-titer anti-drug antibodies (ADAs) of the immunoglobin A (IgA) isotype in the intestine of C57BL\/6 mice, the therapeutic effects of CTB-KDEL were similar to those observed in C3H\/HeJ mice, which showed minimal ADAs under the same experimental conditions. Thus, the immunogenicity of CTB-KDEL does not seem to impede the protein\u2019s mucosal healing efficacy. These results support the development of CTB-KDEL for IBD therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11120678","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,20]],"date-time":"2019-11-20T11:06:03Z","timestamp":1574247963000},"page":"678","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Repeated Oral Administration of a KDEL-Tagged Recombinant Cholera Toxin B Subunit Effectively Mitigates DSS Colitis despite a Robust Immunogenic Response"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4243-2667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshua M.","family":"Royal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Center for Predictive Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Micaela A.","family":"Reeves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nobuyuki","family":"Matoba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Center for Predictive Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2016.95","article-title":"Oral administration of a recombinant cholera toxin B subunit promotes mucosal healing in the colon","volume":"10","author":"Baldauf","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Royal, J.M., Oh, Y.J., Grey, M.J., Lencer, W.I., Ronquillo, N., Galandiuk, S., and Matoba, N. 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