{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T22:55:14Z","timestamp":1761519314430,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,29]],"date-time":"2019-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574985600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002848","name":"Comisi\u00f3n Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y Tecnol\u00f3gica","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FONDECYT grant #1180069"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FONDECYT grant #1180069"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002848","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009068","name":"CONICYT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FONDECYT postdoctoral fellowship #3170813 (FAU)","CONICYT PCI-Biotechnology #Redbio0027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FONDECYT postdoctoral fellowship #3170813 (FAU)","CONICYT PCI-Biotechnology #Redbio0027"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009068","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010599","name":"University of Talca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PIA-CG, RU2107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PIA-CG, RU2107"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010599","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Snakebite envenomation is considered a neglected tropical disease, although it also occurs outside the tropics. In this work, we analyzed the literature on Philodryas species in Chile (Philodryas chamissonis, P. simonsii, and P. tachymenoides) from 1834 to 2019, searching for epidemiological, clinical, and molecular aspects of envenomation. Ninety-one percent of the studies found regarded taxonomy, ecology, and natural history, suggesting that snakebites and venom toxins are a neglected issue in Chile. All snakebite cases reported and toxicological studies concerned the species Philodryas chamissonis. Using 185 distributional records from the literature and museum collections for this species, we show for the first time that the reported snakebite cases correlate with human population density, occurring in the Valparaiso and Metropolitan regions in Central Chile. The reduced number of snakebite cases, which were previously considered as having a low incidence in Chile, may be a consequence of under-reported cases, probably due to the inadequate publication or scarce research on this issue. Absence of information about official pharmacological treatment, post-envenoming sequels, clinical management of particular patient groups (e.g., with non-communicable diseases, pregnant women, and the elderly) was also detected. In conclusion, despite having over 185 years of literature on Chilean snakes, knowledge on the envenomation of Philodryas genus remains scarce, seriously affecting adequate medical handling during an ophidic accident. This review highlights the need to develop deep research in this area and urgent improvements to the management of this disease in Chile.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11120697","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,29]],"date-time":"2019-11-29T10:58:21Z","timestamp":1575025101000},"page":"697","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Philodryas (Serpentes: Dipsadidae) Envenomation, a Neglected Issue in Chile"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"F\u00e9lix","family":"Urra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de Farmacolog\u00eda Molecular y Cl\u00ednica, Instituto de Ciencias Biom\u00e9dicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Independencia 1027, Casilla 7, Santiago 7800003, Chile"},{"name":"Network for Snake Venom Research and Drug Discovery, Santiago 7800003, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Miranda-Calle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c1rea de Herpetolog\u00eda, Colecci\u00f3n Boliviana de Fauna, c. 27 de Cota Cota, La Paz 10077, Bolivia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5082-9146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramiro","family":"Araya-Maturana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Network for Snake Venom Research and Drug Discovery, Santiago 7800003, Chile"},{"name":"Instituto de Qu\u00edmica de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Talca, Casilla 747, Talca 3460000, Chile"},{"name":"Programa de Investigaci\u00f3n Asociativa en C\u00e1ncer G\u00e1strico, Universidad de Talca, Casilla 747, Talca 3460000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s40409-017-0127-6","article-title":"Snakebite envenomation turns again into a neglected tropical disease!","volume":"23","author":"Chippaux","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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