{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T16:38:17Z","timestamp":1764002297750,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,19]],"date-time":"2019-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1576713600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An integrated study on the effect of renal diet on mineral metabolism, fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23), total antioxidant capacity, and inflammatory markers has not been performed previously. In this study, we evaluated the effects of renal diet on mineral metabolism, oxidative stress and inflammation in dogs with stage 3 or 4 of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Body condition score (BCS), muscle condition score (MCS), serum biochemical profile, ionized calcium (i-Ca), total calcium (t-Ca), phosphorus (P), urea, creatinine, parathyroid hormone (PTH), FGF-23, interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-\u03b1) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were measured at baseline (T0) and after 6 months of dietary treatment (T6). Serum urea, P, t-Ca, i-Ca, PTH, FGF-23, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-\u03b1 and TAC measurements did not differ between T0 and T6. Serum creatinine (SCr) was increased at T6 and serum PTH concentrations were positively correlated with serum SCr and urea. i-Ca was negatively correlated with urea and serum phosphorus was positively correlated with FGF-23. Urea and creatinine were positively correlated. The combination of renal diet and support treatment over 6 months in dogs with CKD stage 3 or 4 was effective in controlling uremia, acid\u2013base balance, blood pressure, total antioxidant capacity, and inflammatory cytokine levels and in maintaining BCS and MCS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12010003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,23]],"date-time":"2019-12-23T03:23:12Z","timestamp":1577071392000},"page":"3","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Evaluation of Electrolyte Concentration and Pro-Inflammatory and Oxidative Status in Dogs with Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease under Dietary Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Doris Pereira","family":"Halfen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Cidade Universit\u00e1ria, S\u00e3o Paulo, SP 05508-270, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4031-1175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Douglas Segalla","family":"Caragelasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Cidade Universit\u00e1ria, S\u00e3o Paulo, SP 05508-270, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juliana Paschoalin de Souza","family":"Nogueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Sciences Department, College of Agricultural, Consumer &amp; Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 217-333-3131, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juliana Toloi","family":"Jeremias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition Development Center, Grand Food Industria e Comercio Ltda (Premier Pet), Dourado, SP 13590-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5954-4086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vivian","family":"Pedrinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Cidade Universit\u00e1ria, S\u00e3o Paulo, SP 05508-270, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2473-1791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patr\u00edcia Massae","family":"Oba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Sciences Department, College of Agricultural, Consumer &amp; Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 217-333-3131, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bruna","family":"Ruberti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Cidade Universit\u00e1ria, S\u00e3o Paulo, SP 05508-270, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cristiana Fonseca Ferreira","family":"Pontieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition Development Center, Grand Food Industria e Comercio Ltda (Premier Pet), Dourado, SP 13590-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcia Mery","family":"Kogika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Cidade Universit\u00e1ria, S\u00e3o Paulo, SP 05508-270, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcio Antonio","family":"Brunetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Cidade Universit\u00e1ria, S\u00e3o Paulo, SP 05508-270, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bartges, J., and Polzin, D.J. (2011). Chronic kidney disease. Nephrology and Urology of Small Animals, Blackwell Publishing.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118785546"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2003.64.1181","article-title":"Determination of calcium fractionation in dogs with chronic renal failure","volume":"64","author":"Schenck","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. 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