{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T09:44:04Z","timestamp":1784195044546,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,20]],"date-time":"2019-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1576800000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI104579"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI104579"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005002","name":"California Department of Public Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) comprise seven agreed-on serotypes, A through G. In 2014, a novel chimeric neurotoxin produced by clostridial strain IBCA10-7060 was reported as BoNT\/H, with subsequent names of BoNT\/FA or BoNT\/HA based on sequence homology of the N-terminus to BoNT\/F, the C-terminus to BoNT\/A and neutralization studies. The purpose of this study was to define the immunologic identity of the novel BoNT. Methods: monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to the novel BoNT\/H N-terminus were generated by antibody repertoire cloning and yeast display after immunization with BoNT\/H LC-HN or BoNT\/F LC-HN. Results: 21 unique BoNT\/H LC-HN mAbs were obtained; 15 from the BoNT\/H LC-HN immunized library (KD 0.78 nM to 182 nM) and six from the BoNT\/F-immunized libraries (KD 20.5 nM to 1490 nM). A total of 15 of 21 mAbs also bound catalytically inactive BoNT\/H holotoxin. The mAbs bound nine non-overlapping epitopes on the BoNT\/H LC-HN. None of the mAbs showed binding to BoNT serotypes A-G, nor any of the seven subtypes of BoNT\/F, except for one mAb that weakly bound BoNT\/F5. Conclusions: The results, combined with the chimeric structure and neutralization by anti-A, but not anti-F antitoxin indicate that immunologically the novel BoNT is BoNT\/HA. This determination has significant implications for existing countermeasures and potential vulnerabilities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12010009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,23]],"date-time":"2019-12-23T03:23:12Z","timestamp":1577071392000},"page":"9","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["The Novel Clostridial Neurotoxin Produced by Strain IBCA10-7060 Is Immunologically Equivalent to BoNT\/HA"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yongfeng","family":"Fan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, 1001 Potrero Ave, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason R.","family":"Barash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infant Botulism Treatment and Prevention Program, Division of Communicable Disease Control, Center for Infectious Diseases, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA 94804, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6908-8475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fraser","family":"Conrad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, 1001 Potrero Ave, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianlong","family":"Lou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, 1001 Potrero Ave, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Tam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luisa W.","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen S.","family":"Arnon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infant Botulism Treatment and Prevention Program, Division of Communicable Disease Control, Center for Infectious Diseases, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA 94804, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0562-3517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James D.","family":"Marks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, 1001 Potrero Ave, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1128\/mr.46.1.86-94.1982","article-title":"Bacterial toxins: A table of lethal amounts","volume":"46","author":"Gill","year":"1982","journal-title":"Microbiol. 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