{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T15:27:50Z","timestamp":1793114870253,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,31]],"date-time":"2019-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577750400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["301809\/2011-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["301809\/2011-9"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["306672\/2014-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["306672\/2014-6"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["479316-2013-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["479316-2013-6"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["-"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"FAPERO","award":["-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["-"]}]},{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia em Toxinas (INCT-Tox)","award":["-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["-"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/026g3rz20","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Snake venom phospholipases A2 (PLA2s) have hemolytic, anticoagulant, myotoxic, oedematogenic, bactericidal, and inflammatory actions. BthTX-I, a Lys49-PLA2 isolated from Bothrops jararacussu venom, is an example of Lys49-PLA2 that presents such actions. NLRP3 is a cytosolic receptor from the NLR family responsible for inflammasome activation via caspase-1 activation and IL-1\u03b2 liberation. The study of NLRs that recognize tissue damage and activate the inflammasome is relevant in envenomation. Methods: Male mice (18\u201320 g) received an intramuscular injection of BthTX-I or sterile saline. The serum was collected for creatine-kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and interleukin-1\u03b2 (IL-1\u03b2) assays, and muscle was removed for inflammasome activation immunoblotting and qRT-PCR expression for nucleotide and oligomerization domain, leucine-rich repeat-containing protein family, pyrin-containing domain 3 receptor (NLRP3) inflammasome components. Results: BthTX-I-induced inflammation and myonecrosis, shown by intravital microscope, and LDH and CK release, respectively. Mouse treatment with A438079, a P2X7 receptor antagonist, did not modify these effects. BthTX-I induced inflammasome activation in muscle, but P2X7R participation in this effect was not observed. Conclusion: Together, the results showed for the first time that BthTX-I in gastrocnemius muscle induces inflammation and consequently, inflammasome activation via NLRP3 with caspase-1 activation and IL-1\u03b2 liberation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12010022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,31]],"date-time":"2019-12-31T07:40:55Z","timestamp":1577778055000},"page":"22","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Inflammasome Activation Induced by a Snake Venom Lys49-Phospholipase A2 Homologue"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Charles Nunes","family":"Boeno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunologia Celular Aplicada \u00e0 Sa\u00fade, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rond\u00f4nia, 76812-245 Porto Velho-RO, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauro Valentino","family":"Paloschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunologia Celular Aplicada \u00e0 Sa\u00fade, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rond\u00f4nia, 76812-245 Porto Velho-RO, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00e9ssica Amaral","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunologia Celular Aplicada \u00e0 Sa\u00fade, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rond\u00f4nia, 76812-245 Porto Velho-RO, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weverson Luciano","family":"Pires","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunologia Celular Aplicada \u00e0 Sa\u00fade, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rond\u00f4nia, 76812-245 Porto Velho-RO, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sulamita da Silva","family":"Set\u00fabal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunologia Celular Aplicada \u00e0 Sa\u00fade, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rond\u00f4nia, 76812-245 Porto Velho-RO, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ja\u00edna Rodrigues","family":"Evangelista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunologia Celular Aplicada \u00e0 Sa\u00fade, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rond\u00f4nia, 76812-245 Porto Velho-RO, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreimar Martins","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Estudos de Biomol\u00e9culas Aplicadas \u00e0 Sa\u00fade (CEBio), Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rond\u00f4nia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rond\u00f4nia, UNIR, 76812-245 Porto Velho-RO, Brazil"},{"name":"Centro Universit\u00e1rio S\u00e3o Lucas, UniSL, 76805-846 Porto Velho, RO, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9221-7749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juliana Pavan","family":"Zuliani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunologia Celular Aplicada \u00e0 Sa\u00fade, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rond\u00f4nia, 76812-245 Porto Velho-RO, Brazil"},{"name":"Centro de Estudos de Biomol\u00e9culas Aplicadas \u00e0 Sa\u00fade (CEBio), Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ Rond\u00f4nia e Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Rond\u00f4nia, UNIR, 76812-245 Porto Velho-RO, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3452","article-title":"Activation and regulation of the inflammasomes","volume":"13","author":"Latz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. 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