{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T22:15:55Z","timestamp":1792016155180,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,15]],"date-time":"2020-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1579046400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003524","name":"Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CAWX1317"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAWX1317"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003524","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa species have been identified in Aotearoa\/New Zealand\u2019s coastal waters and G. polynesiensis, a known producer of ciguatoxins, has been isolated from Rangit\u0101hua\/Kermadec Islands (a New Zealand territory). The warming of the Tasman Sea and the waters around New Zealand\u2019s northern subtropical coastline heighten the risk of Gambierdiscus proliferating in New Zealand. If this occurs, the risk of ciguatera fish poisoning due to consumption of locally caught fish will increase. Research, including the development and testing of sampling methods, molecular assays, and chemical and toxicity tests, will continue. Reliable monitoring strategies are important to manage and mitigate the risk posed by this emerging threat. The research approaches that have been made, many of which will continue, are summarised in this review.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12010050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,17]],"date-time":"2020-01-17T04:14:41Z","timestamp":1579234481000},"page":"50","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Ciguatera Fish Poisoning: The Risk from an Aotearoa\/New Zealand Perspective"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Lesley L.","family":"Rhodes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cawthron Institute, Halifax Street Campus, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirsty F.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cawthron Institute, Halifax Street Campus, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. Sam","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cawthron Institute, Halifax Street Campus, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7040-7576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomohiro","family":"Nishimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cawthron Institute, Halifax Street Campus, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2765-5843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah C.","family":"Finch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AgResearch Limited, Ruakura Research Centre, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2012.08.003","article-title":"Socioeconomic consequences of ciguatera poisoning in Rarotonga, southern Cook Islands","volume":"20","author":"Rongo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.06.007","article-title":"Human fatality associated with Pacific ciguatoxin contaminated fish","volume":"56","author":"Hamilton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"100","article-title":"Ciguatera poisoning: An interesting occurrence in New Zealand","volume":"123","author":"Schep","year":"2010","journal-title":"N. 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